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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 13 - Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunotherapy

A

biological treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system

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2
Q

Active Immunotherapy

A

generated by the body in response to stimuli

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3
Q

Passive Immunotherapy

A

donated or laboratory made immune system components administered to body

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4
Q

How do we know that the immune system fights some forms of cancer?

A
  • tumor-specific CD8+ T cells found in tumors
  • Mononuclear infiltrates into masses
  • Increased incidence in immunosuppressed patients
  • cancer remissions following immunomodulator tx
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5
Q

Why are canine cutaneous histiocytoma considered a surgical emergency

A

they quickly regress due to CD4+/CD8+ T cell infiltration

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6
Q

Tumor-associated antigen (TAA)

A

normal proteins overexpressed by tumor cells

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7
Q

Tumor-specific antigen (TSA)

A

expressed by tumor cells but not present in normal host cells

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8
Q

Why is active immunotherapy against TAA tricky

A

the proteins are expressed on both normal and cancer cells so tx can be prevented by tolerance of self-reactive B and T cells

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9
Q

how would passive immunotherapy target TAAs

A

antibodies that target the antigens via injection

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10
Q

CD20

A

high expression on B cell lymphomas
normally expressed on B cells
not expressed on antibody-producing cells

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11
Q

How does Rituximab (anti-CD20) work

A

binds to CD20 and kills expressing cells

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12
Q

what is a downside to the use of Rituximab (anti-CD20)

A

depletion of memory B cells

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13
Q

What are two considerations when translating the use of monoclonal cancer antibody tx to vet med

A
  1. mAbs need to bind tightly to antigen
  2. Fc portion needs to be functional
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14
Q

What are TSAs presented by

A

MHC on tumor cells

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15
Q

What do TSAs arise from

A

genetic mutations or viral infections

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16
Q

T/F: TSAs would be easier to target than TAAs because they are different from host cell proteins

A

True

17
Q

What is TSA active immunotherapy

A

vaccines

18
Q

What is TSA passive immunotherapy

A

adoptive cell therapy with T cells

19
Q

CAR-T

A

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell

20
Q

Summarize CAR-T construction

A
  1. isolate T cells from patient
  2. identify target antigen on neoplastic cells
  3. create variable fragment against antigen
  4. incorporate into T cell genome vi retrovirus
21
Q

T/F: CAR-T is MHC-restricted

A

False

22
Q

What do CAR-T mainly target in practice

A

lymphoma

23
Q

what is a potential side effect of CAR-T

A

cytokine release syndrome/SIRS because of the release of inflammatory cytokine and macrophage activation

24
Q

What is upregulated in dogs with atopic dermatitis

A

IL-31

25
Q

what hypersensitivity does atopic dermatitis fall under

A

type 1

26
Q

what is required for hypersensitivity reaction in AD

A

initial exposure and production of IgE, re-exposure where IgE binds to mast cells and the cross-link releases histamines

27
Q

What is the active AD immunotherapy target

A

TH2/IgE

*going after large complexes

28
Q

What is the passive AD immunotherapy target

A

prevention of TH2 cytokine symtoms

29
Q

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT)

A

low dose of allergens to promote tolerance (IL-10 secretion, decrease in IgE)

30
Q

How does apoquel work

A

acts as a JAK1 inhibitor (prevents intracellular signaling after cytokine binding)

31
Q

How does cytopoint work

A

monoclonal antibody neutralizing IL-31

32
Q

What are 3 stressful situations in an animal’s life

A
  1. weaning
  2. transport
  3. sickness
33
Q

Metaphylaxis

A

treatment of animals to reduce infectious disease even though they are not currently sick

34
Q

How do PRRs stimulate the immune system

A

increase circulating cytokines

35
Q

Define cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of progeny of transformed cells (morphological, biochemical, growth)

36
Q

Define benign

A

expansile, compress surrounding tissue

37
Q

Define malignant

A

invasive, metastasize

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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