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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 19 - Fetal & Neonatal Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Fetal & Neonatal Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What immune system is present in the first trimester

A

primary lymphoid formed
secondary lymphoid forming

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2
Q

What immune system is present in the second trimester

A

complement and granulocytes
tonsils/peyer’s patches

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3
Q

What immune system is present in the third trimester

A

fully developed adaptive immune system

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4
Q

what two factors are in-utero infections dependent on

A
  1. organism
  2. age of fetus
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5
Q

What are the two biotypes of BVD

A

cytopathic - kills cells
noncytopathic - doesn’t kill cells

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6
Q

What are the three outcomes of an in-utero infection

A
  1. death
  2. malformation
  3. successful immune response
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7
Q

What do we call a calf that receives a noncytopathic infection from the day 50-120

A

persistently infected calf

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8
Q

What is the danger of having a persistently infected calf in the herd

A

sheds large amounts of the virus but is asymptomatic

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9
Q

T/F: neonate immunity is more efficient than an adult

A

False

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10
Q

T/F: passive immunity is critical for the neonate

A

True

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11
Q

What decreased innate defense mechanisms are seen in immunodeficient neonates

A
  • complement activity
  • neutrophil and macrophage activity
  • interferon production
  • NK cell function
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12
Q

What decreased adaptive mechanisms are seen in immunodeficient neonates

A
  • lymphocyte mitosis
  • no memory B/T cells
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13
Q

How do we supplement neonates that are not fully immunocompetent?

A

placental/colostral transfer and milk

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14
Q

What immunoglobulin is present in neonate supplementation

A

IgG

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15
Q

T/F: placentation type determines the ability of antibodies to be transferred in utero

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What placentation has the least transfer of immunoglobulins

A

epitheliochorial (6 layers)

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17
Q

What species are epitheliochorial and are at higher risk for underdeveloped immune systems

A

pig, horse, donkey

18
Q

What placentation has the most transfer of immunoglobulins

A

hemendothelial (1 layer)

19
Q

What species are hemendothelial and at a low risk for underdeveloped immune systems

A

rodents

20
Q

What is colostrum

A

produced in the last weeks of gestation high in antibodies and other immune components

21
Q

What are the specialized parts of GI epithelial cells

A

Fc receptor
non-selective pinocytosis

22
Q

when does uptake stop in neonates?

A

24 hours after birth

23
Q

Why does uptake stop in neonates?

A

cells are replaced resulting in gut closure

24
Q

What immunoglobulin is present in the mammary gland

A

IgA

25
Q

Around what week after birth do maternal antibody levels drop to meet those of the developing neonate? What is usually done around this time?

A

4/5 weeks (window of susceptibility)
vaccination occurs at this time

26
Q

What cytokine that stimulates initial immune response is present in milk

A

IFN-y

27
Q

What vitamin is thought to be essential for immune function and will be supplemented in pigs

A

Vitamin D

28
Q

What is the predominant cell type transferred to neonates in passive transfer

A

neutrophils and macrophages

29
Q

What immunoglobulin do passively transferred B cells secrete

A

IgA

30
Q

What may prevent lymphocytes transferred in passive immunity from having lasting impact on neonates?

A
  • pasteurization process will kill some cells
  • closure of GI cells
  • short life of naive lymphocytes
31
Q

What is the predominant antibody isotype in colostrum?

A

IgG

32
Q

What is the risk of vaccinating too early?

A

neutralization of vaccine

33
Q

What is the risk of vaccinating too late?

A

not enough time to develop a response before a challenge

34
Q

What term do we associate with antibodies transferred to neonate by their mother

A

Maternal-derived antibodies (MDA)

35
Q

What are the 3 steps to negative feedback of IgG production

A
  1. complex formation
  2. Ig/Fc binding
  3. dephosphorylation
36
Q

What is the average gestation length for equines

A

320-370 days

37
Q

What does the term “dummy foal” refer to

A

decreased/interrupted availability to oxygen during birth

38
Q

What is considered the normal IgG snap test range

A

> 800 mg/dL

39
Q

Partial failure would be at ____ mg/dL while complete failure would be at _____ mg/dL

A

400-800; < 400

40
Q

How can you assess colostrum quality?

A
  • appearance
  • brix refractometer (protein content)
  • colostrometer (density)
41
Q

In what case would IV plasma be given to a neonate

A

to address FTPI and in abnormal cases where tubing is not viable

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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