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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 35 - Introduction to Fungal Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 35 - Introduction to Fungal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

which innate immune component CANNOT directly induce microbe lysis

a. NK cell
b. neutrophil
c. complement system
d. antimicrobial molecules

A

a. NK cell

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2
Q

which T helper type is important for INTRACELLULAR infection

A

Th1

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3
Q

molecules that are produced by microbes and cause disease are called

A

virulence factors

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4
Q

which is the vegetative form of a fungus

A

c. hypha

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5
Q

which is the most common inflammatory reaction to fungal infections

a. eosinophilic
b. neutrophilic
c. pyogranulomatous
d. abscess

A

c. pyogranulomatous

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6
Q

why do you need to inform the diagnostic lab that you suspect fungal infection when you submit your samples

A

the cultured form is infectious to people

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7
Q

which pathogenic yeast has a thick capsule that prevents an inflammatory response

a. candida albicans
b. histoplasma capsulatum
c. blastomyces dermatitidis
d. cryptococcus neoformans

A

d. cryptococcus neoformans

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8
Q

which pathogen is an aquatic oocyte

A

pythium insidiosum

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9
Q

which of these fungi is contagious

a. microsporum canis
b. sporothrix schenckii
c. histoplasma capsulatum
d. blastomyces dermatitidis

A

a. microsporum canis

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10
Q

T/F: mycotoxins are virulence factors produced by infectious fungi

A

FALSE - fungi cannot be infectious

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11
Q

The organ/tissue most commonly affected by mycotoxins is the

A

liver

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12
Q

what is a fungus

A
  • heterotrophic, aerobic, nonmotile eukaryotes
  • abundant in soil, vegetation, water
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13
Q

what are the two classifications of fungal existence

A
  1. saprophytic
  2. parasitic
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14
Q

T/F: fungi are not contagious except for ringworm and sporotrichosis

A

TRUE

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15
Q

what is the job of the complex, carbohydrate-based cell wall of fungi

A
  • prevents lysis (osmotic or complement)
  • protects from mechanical injury
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16
Q

mold vs. yeast

A

mold - masses of multicellular hyphae

yeast - single cells that reproduce by budding

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17
Q

describe hyphae

A
  • vegetative/growing form of mold
  • too big for phagocytosis
  • asexual spores
  • resistant to chemical/physical agents
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18
Q

describe yeasts

A
  • oval to spherical
  • reproduce by budding
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19
Q

describe candida albicans

A
  • inhabits mucous membranes
  • disease in the immunocompromised or microbiota-unbalanced host
  • nonpathogenic oval budding yeasts
20
Q

what two factors can contribute to candida albicans overgrowth

A
  1. antibiotic overuse
  2. prolonged steroid/hormone therapy
21
Q

describe malassezia pachydermatis

A
  • opportunistic infection of skin, external ear canal
  • oval, broad-based budding yeast
22
Q

what is dimorphic fungi

A

grown as hyphae in the environment and converted to yeast in tissues at body temp

23
Q

what form of classification is seen in diagnostic labs

A

asexual spores/structures

24
Q

what form of classification is NOT demonstrated in medically important fungi

A

sexual spores/structure

25
Q

what do innate defenses do to spores and other fungal elements

A
  1. inhibit
  2. phagocytize
  3. kill
26
Q

T/F: fungi do not usually cause disease in immunocompetent animals

A

TRUE

27
Q

What are fungal virulence factors

A
  1. adhesins
  2. enzymes
  3. melanin (an antioxidant that reduces the toxicity of agents in phagolysosome)
  4. mannitol (impairs phagolysosomal degradation)
  5. cell wall glycoproteins have endotoxin-like activity
28
Q

What are the different ways to diagnose fungal infections

A
  1. direct exam (diff quick, wright’s)
  2. histopathology
  3. antigen detection
  4. fungal isolation
  5. PCR
  6. Marix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight
  7. ELISA
29
Q

what fungal diagnostic test poses risk to humans

A

fungal isolation

30
Q

what are the two tests used in histopathology

A
  1. Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
  2. Grocott/Gomori Methenamine Silver
31
Q

if fungal hyphae are too big, how does the immune system target them?

A

via pyogranulomatous response

32
Q

what are the 4 types of fungal diseases

A
  1. systemic mycoses
  2. sq or deep mycoses
  3. cutaneous mycoses
  4. mycotoxicoses
33
Q

describe Histoplasma capsulatum (type, species, spread, evasion mechanism)

A

type: systemic
species: cats and dogs
spread: via alveolar macrophages to lymph
evasion mechanism: prevents lysis in phagolysosome by enzyme inhibition

34
Q

describe cryptococcus neoformans (type, species, spread, evasion mechanism)

A

type: systemic
species: cats, dogs, cattle, horses, humans
spread: from nasopharynx to CNS by direct extension
evasion mechanism: thick capsule

*narrow-based budding

35
Q

describe aspergillus fumigatus (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: systemic
species: all
spread: inhalation/ingestion/injection spread in macrophages through vessels
evasion mechanism: secrete toxins that slow mucociliary apparatus

36
Q

describe sporothrix schenckii (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: sq
species: cats, dogs, horses, humans
spread: cutaneolymphatic and local proliferation
evasion: capsules

37
Q

describe pythium insidisum (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: sq
species: horses, cattle, dogs, cats

*aquatic oocyte

38
Q

what is the proper treatment for pythium insidiosum

A

aggressive surgical excision with wide margins

39
Q

what is also known as “kunkers” in horses

A

pythium insidiosum

40
Q

describe dermatophytoses (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: cutaneous
spread: stratum corneum infection, hyphae branches to arthroconidia and infect nearby surfaces

*ringworm

41
Q

What is Microsporum canis

A
  • most common cause of ringworm in dogs and cats
  • early response: scruffy, hair loss, hypertrophy of stratum corneum
  • 2nd week: inflammation, antibody and cell-mediated hypersensitivity
42
Q

mycotoxin

A
  • secondary metabolite of fungus
  • disease depends on the individual mycotoxin
  • no treatment
43
Q

describe aflatoxin B1 (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: mycotoxin
spread: ingestion of contaminated feedstuffs and conversion via cytochrome P450

*binds to cellular DNA, RNA, or proteins

44
Q

describe phomopsins or lupinosis (type, species, effect)

A

type: mycotoxin
species: cattle, sheep, horses
effect: hepatic dysfunction (lipidosis)

45
Q

describe amantia (type, species, spread, etc.)

A

type: mycotoxin (poison mushrooms)
effect: inhibits RNA poly. II, liver necrosis, irreversible disruption of actin

46
Q

what are the 2 contagious fungi

A

Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenckii

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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