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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 4 - Innate Immune Recognition > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Innate Immune Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 different pathways of complement activation?

A

classical, alternative, lectin

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2
Q

Which key effector complement protein is generated by all 3 activation pathways?

A

c3 covertase

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3
Q

what is the role of the membrane attack complex?

A

create pores

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4
Q

In addition to MAC formation, name 2 other terminal outcomes of complement activation

A

1 - recruitment of inflammatory cells
2 - opsonization

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5
Q

name one clinical consequence of C3 deficiency in Brittany Spaniels

A

renal disease

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6
Q

What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

common features on pathogens that are absent in host tissues

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7
Q

How are PAMPs like Hogwarts houses

A

they are common traits like the defining factors of sorting (bravery, wisdom, etc.)

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8
Q

what PAMP does gram-negative bacteria have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

b. lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

what PAMP does gram-positive bacteria have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

a. peptidoglycans

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10
Q

what PAMP do viruses have

a. peptidoglycans
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. dsRNA
d. mannan

A

c. dsRNA

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of signaling type PRRs

A

1 - Toll-like
2 - Nod-like
3 - RIG-1-like

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12
Q

which signaling PRR is found on the membrane

A

toll-like

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13
Q

what is the common product of all signaling PRR pathways

A

NF-kB

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14
Q

What is the result of PRR signaling

A

activation of transcription genes (adhesion, inflammation, etc.)

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15
Q

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

A

plasma (4/5) recognizes wall components and the endosomal membrane recognizes DNA

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16
Q

what does TLR5 recognize

A

flagellin

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17
Q

where is TLR4 and TLR5 present? what is the clinical significance?

A

present on the basolateral surface, only bacteria that have bypassed the rest of the cell’s defenses should trigger

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18
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

within cytosol, recognizes peptidoglycan

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19
Q

RIG-1-like receptors

A

within cytosol, recognizes dsRNA and ssRNA, leads to expression of anti-viral responses

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20
Q

which of the following is NOT a characteristic of PAMPs

a. essential to microbes
b. common in microbes
c. abundantly produced
d. present in host tissues

A

d. present in host tissues

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21
Q

viruses in endosomes are recognized by

A

TLRs

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22
Q

what do the signaling PRRs all have in common

a. location
b. cell type
c. activation of NF-kB
d. what they recognize

A

c. activation of NF-kB

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23
Q

what do phagocytotic receptors do and give examples

A

trigger phagocytosis by binding to pathogenic components (complement receptors, FcyR, mannose)

24
Q

T/F: opsonization is more efficient phagocytosis than through PRRs alone

A

True

25
Q

what recognizes IgG (immunoglobulins)

A

FcyR

26
Q

what are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1 - recognition/attachment
2 - engulfment
3 - phagosome-lysosome fusion
4 - Destruction

27
Q

How are phagosomes created

A

involution of the plasma membrane with a microbe attached after cytoskeletal arrangement PRRs triggered

28
Q

what 3 ways do phagosomes kill pathogens

A

1 - pH becomes acidic
2 - fusion with lysosomes (phagolysosome)
3 - oxidative burst (generate reactive oxygen species)

29
Q

superoxide anion is produced by

A

NADPH oxidase

30
Q

O2. reacts with H+ and H20 to form

A

hydrogen peroxide

31
Q

hydrogen peroxide is further converted to

A

hydroxyl radical (.OH)

32
Q

Neutrophils have ____ that convert hydrogen peroxide to ____

A

myeloperoxidase; ClO- (active bleach)

33
Q

what converts arginine to nitric oxide (NO)

A

nitric oxide synthase

34
Q

NO + O2. = _____

A

peroxynitrite

35
Q

T/F: the free radicals are NOT damaging to components within the phagosome

A

False - damages lipids, DNA, and protein

36
Q

which of the following recognizes IgG bound to microbes

a. FcyR
b. Toll-like receptor
c. mannose receptor
d. complement receptor

A

a. FcyR

37
Q

which of the following phagosomal enzymes is not in macrophages

a. iNOS
b. hydrolase
c. NADPH oxidase
d. myeloperoxidase

A

d. myeloperoxidase

38
Q

If there is a cellular injury, how does the immune system respond

A

release cytosolic/nuclear proteins and metabolites

39
Q

If there is a tissue injury how does the immune system respond

A

production of extracellular matrix components

40
Q

What Harry Potter character is the immune system response to self-damage most like

A

Wormtail - acts as a double agent; the immune system needs to know not
only non-self but when self has gone bad.

41
Q

Where do extracellular DAMPs come from

A

the connective tissue

42
Q

what creates inflammasome to cleave the pro-form of pro-IL so they can translocate

A

DAMPs

43
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

44
Q

What Harry Potter character is the PAMP and DAMp combined system like

A

Horcruxes - both must be active for inflammation to occur

45
Q

All are major functions/results of phagocytic receptor engagement EXCEPT

a. adherence
b. Engulfment
c. NF-kB activation
d. phagosome formation

A

c. NF-kB activation

46
Q

PAMPs and DAMPs must work TOGETHER to coordinate which of the following responses

a. engulfment
b. inflammasome production
c. phagosomal-lysosomal fusion
d. IL-1B production and activation

A

d. IL-1B production (PAMPs) and activation (DAMPs)

47
Q

Ligand binding to signaling PRRs results in activation of _____

A

NF-kB or IRF

48
Q

Signaling through PRRs leads to

A

1 - cell activation
2 - inflammatory cytokines
3 - adhesion molecules
4 - arachidonic acid cascade
5 - recruitment of leukocytes

49
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) respond to

A

cytokines and PAMPs

50
Q

Natural Killer cells recognize cells via 2 types of receptors. what are they?

A

Activation receptor (viral proteins)

Inhibitory receptor (MHC on self cells)

51
Q

Perforin

A

inserts into the membrane

52
Q

granzyme enters the perforin pore to

A

trigger apoptosis

53
Q

What is the INHIBITORY trigger for NK cells

A

MHC class 1

54
Q

How do NK cells kill their target cells

A

perforins and granzymes

55
Q

treatments that block IL-1 may have this consequence

A

more infections

56
Q

why do we treat systemic lupus with quinine compounds

A

to prevent endosomal acidification needed for TLR signaling

57
Q

what is frustrated phagocytosis

A

a pathogen is too big for a macrophage to engulf and will release granules to help pre-digest that may cause damage to host cells of ECM

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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