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Animal Health & Disease 1 > Lecture 5 - Inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 categories of signaling receptors

A

TLR
NLR
RLR

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2
Q

What are the common features of PAMPs

A

common and not found in host tissues

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3
Q

What are the steps in phagocytic destruction of a bacterium

A

1 - recognize
2 - engulf
3 - phagolysosomal formation
4 - Destruction

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4
Q

what is an example of DAMPs

A

uric acid

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5
Q

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

1 - heat
2 - redness
3 - swelling
4 - pain
5 - loss of function

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6
Q

What is the purpose of:

heat

A

increase in temperature will inhibit pathogen replication

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7
Q

What is the purpose of:

redness

A

deliver more blood to the site

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8
Q

What is the purpose of:

swelling

A

dilution of pathogens and provide wound healing mediators

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9
Q

What is the purpose of:

pain, loss of function

A

restriction allows time for repairs

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10
Q

Mast cells release pre-stored ____

A

histamine

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11
Q

macrophages release

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids

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12
Q

T/F: arachidonic acid cascade acts locally

A

True

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13
Q

What are the 3 major steps of acute inflammation

A

1 - vasodilation
2 - increased vascular permeability
3 - migration and accumulation of leukocytes

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14
Q

what two factors contribute to vasodilation

A

histamine and nitric oxide

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15
Q

Endothelial injury lasts _____ to injury

A

proportional

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16
Q

endothelial injury is mediated by

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation

a. pain
b. heat
c. bruising
d. swelling
e. loss of function

A

c. bruising

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18
Q

Which of the following vasoactive mediators is IMMEDIATELY released

a. IL-1
b. C5a
c. Histamine
d. leukotriene
e. prostaglandin

A

c. Histamine

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19
Q

Which aspect of inflammation is directly responsible for redness

A

vasodilation

20
Q

Step 1 in Leukocyte migration

A

Activated mast cell releases histamine, IL-1, etc.

21
Q

Step 2 in Leukocyte migration

A

Margination - vasodilation decreases blood pressure

22
Q

Step 3 in Leukocyte migration

A

Rolling - leukocytes loosely bind to selectins

23
Q

Step 4 in Leukocyte migration

A

Activation - cyto/chemokines make conformational changes and slow leukocyte down

24
Q

Step 5 in Leukocyte migration

A

Stable adhesion - high-affinity integrins bind leukocyte

25
Q

Step 6 in Leukocyte migration

A

Transmigration into the extracellular matrix

26
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency lacks functional expression of

A

B2 integrins

27
Q

What are exogenous chemoattractants

A

peptides and lipids

28
Q

what are endogenous chemoattractants

A

chemokines, c components, AA metabolites

29
Q

Summarize chemotaxis signaling in 4 steps

A

1 - chemoattractants bind G coupled protein receptors
2 - secondary messengers are activated
3 - increase in cytosolic calcium activates small GTPases and kinases
4 - induce actin polymerization

30
Q

where do neutrophils go if the offense is destroyed

A

apoptosis and removed by macrophages/DC

31
Q

where do neutrophils go if the offense remains

A

more recruited; chronic inflammatory response

32
Q

INTEGRINS play a major role in which step of leukocyte migration

a. rolling
b. adhesion
c. imagination
d. extravasation

A

d. adhesion

33
Q

a predominance of which leukocyte type signals an ACUTE infection

A

neutrophils

34
Q

What laboratory findings help us ID systemic inflammation?

A

CBC (leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift)

positive acute phase proteins

35
Q

What are acute phase proteins produced by

A

hepatocytes

36
Q

C-reactive protein

A

P-type lectin
one face binds the pathogen and the other binds Fc receptors

37
Q

Serum amyloid A

A

binds like TLR
carries cholesterol to liver and induces enzymes that degrade ECM

38
Q

Amyloidosis

A

edema in kidneys

39
Q

Haptoglobin is present in what kind of infection

A

bacterial, sequesters iron in liver

40
Q

Lactoferrin is present in what kind of infection

A

mastitis; binds free iron

41
Q

Hepcidin may lead to what

A

anemia of infection as it degrades ferroportin (uptake)

42
Q

protease inhibitors act as

A

inhibits neutrophil proteases at inflammatory sites

43
Q

what are negative acute phase proteins

A

decreases during inflammation, albumin

44
Q

Systemic Inflammatory response system (SIRS)

A

severe trauma, uncontrollable drop in blood pressure

massive PAMPs/DAMPs, cytokine storm, etc

45
Q

What causes some species to be more susceptible to septic shock

A

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages

46
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on which part of the body result in fever

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

Which acute phase protein is elevated in most species

a. fibrinogen
b. haptoglobin
c. serum amyloid A
d. C-reactive protein

A

c. serum amyloid A

Animal Health & Disease 1 (50 decks)

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