Lecture 5 - Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 3 categories of signaling receptors

Answer 1

TLR
NLR
RLR

Question 2

What are the common features of PAMPs

Answer 2

common and not found in host tissues

Question 3

What are the steps in phagocytic destruction of a bacterium

Answer 3

1 - recognize
2 - engulf
3 - phagolysosomal formation
4 - Destruction

Question 4

what is an example of DAMPs

Answer 4

uric acid

Question 5

what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

1 - heat
2 - redness
3 - swelling
4 - pain
5 - loss of function

Question 6

What is the purpose of:

heat

Answer 6

increase in temperature will inhibit pathogen replication

Question 7

What is the purpose of:

redness

Answer 7

deliver more blood to the site

Question 8

What is the purpose of:

swelling

Answer 8

dilution of pathogens and provide wound healing mediators

Question 9

What is the purpose of:

pain, loss of function

Answer 9

restriction allows time for repairs

Question 10

Mast cells release pre-stored ____

Answer 10

histamine

Question 11

macrophages release

Answer 11

pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids

Question 12

T/F: arachidonic acid cascade acts locally

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the 3 major steps of acute inflammation

Answer 13

1 - vasodilation
2 - increased vascular permeability
3 - migration and accumulation of leukocytes

Question 14

what two factors contribute to vasodilation

Answer 14

histamine and nitric oxide

Question 15

Endothelial injury lasts _____ to injury

Answer 15

proportional

Question 16

endothelial injury is mediated by

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation

a. pain
b. heat
c. bruising
d. swelling
e. loss of function

Answer 17

c. bruising

Question 18

Which of the following vasoactive mediators is IMMEDIATELY released

a. IL-1
b. C5a
c. Histamine
d. leukotriene
e. prostaglandin

Answer 18

c. Histamine

Question 19

Which aspect of inflammation is directly responsible for redness

Answer 19

vasodilation

Question 20

Step 1 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 20

Activated mast cell releases histamine, IL-1, etc.

Question 21

Step 2 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 21

Margination - vasodilation decreases blood pressure

Question 22

Step 3 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 22

Rolling - leukocytes loosely bind to selectins

Question 23

Step 4 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 23

Activation - cyto/chemokines make conformational changes and slow leukocyte down

Question 24

Step 5 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 24

Stable adhesion - high-affinity integrins bind leukocyte

Question 25

Step 6 in Leukocyte migration

Answer 25

Transmigration into the extracellular matrix

Question 26

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency lacks functional expression of

Answer 26

B2 integrins

Question 27

What are exogenous chemoattractants

Answer 27

peptides and lipids

Question 28

what are endogenous chemoattractants

Answer 28

chemokines, c components, AA metabolites

Question 29

Summarize chemotaxis signaling in 4 steps

Answer 29

1 - chemoattractants bind G coupled protein receptors 2 - secondary messengers are activated 3 - increase in cytosolic calcium activates small GTPases and kinases 4 - induce actin polymerization

Question 30

where do neutrophils go if the offense is destroyed

Answer 30

apoptosis and removed by macrophages/DC

Question 31

where do neutrophils go if the offense remains

Answer 31

more recruited; chronic inflammatory response

Question 32

INTEGRINS play a major role in which step of leukocyte migration a. rolling b. adhesion c. imagination d. extravasation

Answer 32

d. adhesion

Question 33

a predominance of which leukocyte type signals an ACUTE infection

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

What laboratory findings help us ID systemic inflammation?

Answer 34

CBC (leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift) positive acute phase proteins

Question 35

What are acute phase proteins produced by

Answer 35

hepatocytes

Question 36

C-reactive protein

Answer 36

P-type lectin one face binds the pathogen and the other binds Fc receptors

Question 37

Serum amyloid A

Answer 37

binds like TLR carries cholesterol to liver and induces enzymes that degrade ECM

Question 38

Amyloidosis

Answer 38

edema in kidneys

Question 39

Haptoglobin is present in what kind of infection

Answer 39

bacterial, sequesters iron in liver

Question 40

Lactoferrin is present in what kind of infection

Answer 40

mastitis; binds free iron

Question 41

Hepcidin may lead to what

Answer 41

anemia of infection as it degrades ferroportin (uptake)

Question 42

protease inhibitors act as

Answer 42

inhibits neutrophil proteases at inflammatory sites

Question 43

what are negative acute phase proteins

Answer 43

decreases during inflammation, albumin

Question 44

Systemic Inflammatory response system (SIRS)

Answer 44

severe trauma, uncontrollable drop in blood pressure massive PAMPs/DAMPs, cytokine storm, etc

Question 45

What causes some species to be more susceptible to septic shock

Answer 45

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages

Question 46

Pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on which part of the body result in fever

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

Which acute phase protein is elevated in most species a. fibrinogen b. haptoglobin c. serum amyloid A d. C-reactive protein

Answer 47

c. serum amyloid A