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Biology 2 > Lecture 32-Community Ecology > Flashcards

Lecture 32-Community Ecology Flashcards

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0
Q

4 types of interspecific interactions:

A

Interspecific competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis

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1
Q

A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact.

A

Community

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2
Q

Refers to an interaction in which an organism eats part of a plant or alga.

A

Herbivory

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3
Q

Occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival.

A

Interspecific competition

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4
Q

Occurs when individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another.

A

Symbiosis

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5
Q

Refers to an interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.

A

Predation

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6
Q

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor.

A

Principle of competitive exclusion

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7
Q

The sum of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

A

Ecological niches

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8
Q

__________ __________ leads to competitive exclusion.

A

Niche overlap

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9
Q

Niche overlap leads to:

A

Competitive exclusion

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10
Q

The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community.

A

Resource partitioning

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11
Q

Indirect evidence of earlier interspecific competition resolved by the evolution of niche differentiation.

A

“The ghost of competition past”

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12
Q

The tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric populations of two species.

A

Character displacement

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13
Q

When populations are sympatric, it means they are:

A

In the same place

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14
Q

Sympatric populations of two closely related species would potentially compete for the same resources, resulting in:

A

The divergence in morphological features

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15
Q

Many organisms have evolved __________ __________ against predation.

A

Defensive adaptation

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16
Q

Camouflage; defense against visual predators.

A

Cryptic coloration

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17
Q

Resembling an object that is a specific feature of its environment.

A

Mimesis

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18
Q

Warning coloration displaying toxic, noxious, or potent chemical defense, specifically against vertebrate predators.

A

Aposematic coloration

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19
Q

Aposematic coloration is used specifically against:

A

Vertebrate predators

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20
Q

Eye spots mimicking vertebrate predators.

A

Startle display

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21
Q

Moths use startle display to resemble the eyes of an:

A

Owl

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22
Q

Snakes use startle display to resemble:

A

Caterpillars

23
Q

Aposematic inedible model and an edible mimic.

A

Batesian mimicry

24
Q

The model and the mimic are both distasteful and aposematic and benefit from existence.

A

Mullerian mimicry

25
Q

Plant defense adaptation against herbivores.

A

Herbivory

26
Q

3 types of herbivory:

A

Mechanical defense, allelochemicals, and semiochemicals

27
Q

Examples of mechanical defense:

A

Thorns

28
Q

Examples of allelochemicals:

A

Toxins (nicotine or caffeine), polymers (lignins and tannins)

29
Q

One organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process.

A

Parasitism

30
Q

Interspecific interaction that benefits both species.

A

Mutualism

31
Q

Interaction between species that benefits one of the species, but neither harms or helps the other.

A

Commensalism

32
Q

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.

A

Species diversity

33
Q

The number of different species in the community.

A

Species richness

34
Q

The proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community.

A

Relative abundance

35
Q

The structure and dynamics of a community depend in the:

A

Feeding relationships between organisms

36
Q

Different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling.

A

Trophic structure

37
Q

The transfer of food energy up the trophic levels from its source to carnivores, and to decomposers.

A

Food chain

38
Q

Interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

A

Food web

39
Q

Typically, how long is each food chain within a food web?

A

Only a few links long

40
Q

Generally, what limits the length of food chains?

A

The inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain

41
Q

The most abundant, or have the highest biomass in a community.

A

Dominant species

42
Q

An example of a dominant species:

A

Ants

43
Q

Exert strong control on community structure by pivotal ecological roles or niches.

A

Keystone species

44
Q

An example of a keystone species:

A

Sea urchins

45
Q

Dramatically alter their physical environments on a large scale.

A

Ecosystem engineers

46
Q

2 examples of ecosystem engineers:

A

Beavers and humans

47
Q

An event that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability.

A

Disturbance

48
Q

6 examples of a disturbance:

A

Storm, fire, flood, drought, overgrazing, and human activity

49
Q

What do disturbances do?

A

They reduce the dominant species and shift resources

50
Q

__________-__________ species have an opportunity.

A

Disturbance-adapted

51
Q

The community response after disturbance.

A

Ecological succession

52
Q

A type of succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed.

A

Primary succession

53
Q

Describe secondary succession.

A

A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substrate intact.

54
Q

The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics.

A

Latitudinal gradients

55
Q

All other factors being equal, the larger the area, the more species it has.

A

Area effect

56
Q

What does island species richness depend on?

A

Size, distance from mainland, immigration, and extinction

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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