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Biology 2 > Lecture 19-Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 19-Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

An animal’s diet must supply:

A

Chemical fuel for cellular respiration, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients

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2
Q

The fact that an animals diet must provide chemical fuel for cellular respiration is fundamentally important because:

A

All cells need fuel

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3
Q

Carbon-based macromolecules are necessary for __________ and __________.

A

Development and maintenance

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4
Q

Examples of organic building blocks include:

A

Carbohydrates, fat, protein, and nucleic acid

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5
Q

__________ __________ are required materials that cannot be synthesized.

A

Essential nutrients

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6
Q

Animals need all _____ amino acids, but only _____ can be synthesized by the human body.

A

20, 10

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7
Q

Animals need all 20 __________ __________, but only 10 can be synthesized by the body.

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

The amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body must be obtained from food in __________ forms.

A

Prefabricated

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9
Q

The essential nutrients are:

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

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10
Q

The only two known fatty acids for humans are:

A

Alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid

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11
Q

__________ __________ are organic molecules required in small amounts.

A

Essential vitamins

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12
Q

There are _____ essential vitamins that are essential to humans.

A

13

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13
Q

What are the essential minerals?

A

Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg)

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14
Q

Animals have diverse __________ requirements.

A

Dietary

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15
Q

__________ eat plants or algae.

A

Herbivores

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16
Q

__________ eat other animals.

A

Carnivores

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17
Q

__________ eat both plants/algae and other animals.

A

Omnivores

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18
Q

An example of a herbivore is a:

A

Koala bear

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19
Q

An example of a carnivore is a:

A

Coyote

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20
Q

An example of an omnivore is a:

A

Human

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21
Q

__________ reflects diverse dietary requirements in animals.

A

Anatomy

22
Q

Herbivores have a longer __________ than carnivores.

A

Caecum

23
Q

The caecum in the herbivore is __________ shaped.

A

Spiral

24
Q

From the __________ __________, the animal digestive system evolved from a single opening to two openings.

A

Phylogenetic perspective

25
Q

Early animals such as __________ have only one opening in the digestive system.

A

Cnidarians

26
Q

Early animals such as Cnidarians have only one opening in the digestive system. This is called the:

A

Gastrovascular cavity

27
Q

Animals that belong to __________, __________, and __________ have two openings in the digestive system.

A

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa

28
Q

Animals that belong to Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa have two openings in the digestive system. This is called the:

A

Complete digestive tractor the alimentary canal

29
Q

The four main stages of food processing are:

A

Ingestion -> Digestion -> Absorption -> Elimination

30
Q

Where ingestion and the initial steps of digestion occur. Also referred to as the oral cavity.

A

Mouth

31
Q

Glands associated with the oral cavity that secrete substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion.

A

Salivary glands

32
Q

A muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

33
Q

An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.

A

Stomach

34
Q

A large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose levels, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.

A

Liver

35
Q

An organ that stores bike and releases it as needed into the small intestine.

A

Gallbladder

36
Q

The site for absorption. No digestion, recovers water, absorbs vitamins, and solidifies digestive waste.

A

Large intestine

37
Q

The terminal portion of the large intestine, where the fences are stored prior to elimination.

A

Rectum

38
Q

A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portico functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

A

Pancreas

39
Q

The longest section of the alimentary canal, so named because of its small diameter compared with that of the large intestine; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.

A

Small intestine

40
Q

Ring-like valves at junctions between specialized compartments.

A

Sphincter

41
Q

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal. Food travels through the digestive system by this.

A

Peristalsis

42
Q

Contains amylase and mucin.

A

Saliva

43
Q

Aids in the chemical digestion of starch.

A

Amylase

44
Q

Lubricant in saliva.

A

Mucin

45
Q

Prevents food from entering the trachea.

A

Epiglottis

46
Q

Enzyme produced in the stomach, breaks down protein, maximum activity at pH 2.0.

A

Pepsin

47
Q

A pH of 2.0 is very __________.

A

Acidic

48
Q

Chemical produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks down fat.

A

Bile

49
Q

Multi-functional; rich in bicarbonate. Contains various enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

A

Pancreatic juice

50
Q

Neutralizes acids.

A

Bicarbonate

51
Q

Finger-like projections in the inner lining of the intestines. Increases surface area, maximizing nutrient absorption.

A

Villi & microvilli

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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