Lecture 19-Digestive System

Question 1

An animal’s diet must supply:

Answer 1

Chemical fuel for cellular respiration, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients

Question 2

The fact that an animals diet must provide chemical fuel for cellular respiration is fundamentally important because:

Answer 2

All cells need fuel

Question 3

Carbon-based macromolecules are necessary for __________ and __________.

Answer 3

Development and maintenance

Question 4

Examples of organic building blocks include:

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, fat, protein, and nucleic acid

Question 5

__________ __________ are required materials that cannot be synthesized.

Answer 5

Essential nutrients

Question 6

Animals need all _____ amino acids, but only _____ can be synthesized by the human body.

Answer 6

20, 10

Question 7

Animals need all 20 __________ __________, but only 10 can be synthesized by the body.

Answer 7

Amino acids

Question 8

The amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body must be obtained from food in __________ forms.

Answer 8

Prefabricated

Question 9

The essential nutrients are:

Answer 9

Amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals

Question 10

The only two known fatty acids for humans are:

Answer 10

Alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid

Question 11

__________ __________ are organic molecules required in small amounts.

Answer 11

Essential vitamins

Question 12

There are _____ essential vitamins that are essential to humans.

Answer 12

13

Question 13

What are the essential minerals?

Answer 13

Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg)

Question 14

Animals have diverse __________ requirements.

Answer 14

Dietary

Question 15

__________ eat plants or algae.

Answer 15

Herbivores

Question 16

__________ eat other animals.

Answer 16

Carnivores

Question 17

__________ eat both plants/algae and other animals.

Answer 17

Omnivores

Question 18

An example of a herbivore is a:

Answer 18

Koala bear

Question 19

An example of a carnivore is a:

Answer 19

Coyote

Question 20

An example of an omnivore is a:

Answer 20

Human

Question 21

__________ reflects diverse dietary requirements in animals.

Answer 21

Anatomy

Question 22

Herbivores have a longer __________ than carnivores.

Answer 22

Caecum

Question 23

The caecum in the herbivore is __________ shaped.

Answer 23

Spiral

Question 24

From the __________ __________, the animal digestive system evolved from a single opening to two openings.

Answer 24

Phylogenetic perspective

Question 25

Early animals such as __________ have only one opening in the digestive system.

Answer 25

Cnidarians

Question 26

Early animals such as Cnidarians have only one opening in the digestive system. This is called the:

Answer 26

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 27

Animals that belong to __________, __________, and __________ have two openings in the digestive system.

Answer 27

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa

Question 28

Animals that belong to Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa have two openings in the digestive system. This is called the:

Answer 28

Complete digestive tractor the alimentary canal

Question 29

The four main stages of food processing are:

Answer 29

Ingestion -> Digestion -> Absorption -> Elimination

Question 30

Where ingestion and the initial steps of digestion occur. Also referred to as the oral cavity.

Answer 30

Mouth

Question 31

Glands associated with the oral cavity that secrete substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion.

Answer 31

Salivary glands

Question 32

A muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach.

Answer 32

Esophagus

Question 33

An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion.

Answer 33

Stomach

Question 34

A large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose levels, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.

Answer 34

Liver

Question 35

An organ that stores bike and releases it as needed into the small intestine.

Answer 35

Gallbladder

Question 36

The site for absorption. No digestion, recovers water, absorbs vitamins, and solidifies digestive waste.

Answer 36

Large intestine

Question 37

The terminal portion of the large intestine, where the fences are stored prior to elimination.

Answer 37

Rectum

Question 38

A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portico functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

Answer 38

Pancreas

Question 39

The longest section of the alimentary canal, so named because of its small diameter compared with that of the large intestine; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.

Answer 39

Small intestine

Question 40

Ring-like valves at junctions between specialized compartments.

Answer 40

Sphincter

Question 41

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal. Food travels through the digestive system by this.

Answer 41

Peristalsis

Question 42

Contains amylase and mucin.

Answer 42

Saliva

Question 43

Aids in the chemical digestion of starch.

Answer 43

Amylase

Question 44

Lubricant in saliva.

Answer 44

Mucin

Question 45

Prevents food from entering the trachea.

Answer 45

Epiglottis

Question 46

Enzyme produced in the stomach, breaks down protein, maximum activity at pH 2.0.

Answer 46

Pepsin

Question 47

A pH of 2.0 is very __________.

Answer 47

Acidic

Question 48

Chemical produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks down fat.

Answer 48

Bile

Question 49

Multi-functional; rich in bicarbonate. Contains various enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Answer 49

Pancreatic juice

Question 50

Neutralizes acids.

Answer 50

Bicarbonate

Question 51

Finger-like projections in the inner lining of the intestines. Increases surface area, maximizing nutrient absorption.

Answer 51

Villi & microvilli