Lab 7: Invertebrate Diversity

Question 1

Modern __________ organizes life in a hierarchy based on available evidence for shared ancestry.

Answer 1

Systematics

Question 2

The hierarchy is composed of groups that reflect __________ degrees of similarity.

Answer 2

Increasing

Question 3

The hierarchy is composed of these groups:

Answer 3

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 4

A name created by combining both an organism’s genus and species group.

Answer 4

Binomial

Question 5

The Kingdom Animalia is also known as the __________.

Answer 5

Metazoa

Question 6

The Kingdom Animalia is a __________ group.

Answer 6

Monophyletic

Question 7

A long history of systematic work based on morphology and developmental traits has been used to build a __________.

Answer 7

Phylogeny

Question 8

More recently, molecular research has been used to build a phylogeny of the __________.

Answer 8

Metazoa

Question 9

A body plan w/o a body cavity.

Answer 9

Acoelomate

Question 10

What are the three germ layers in order?

Answer 10

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 11

A large phylum composed of segmented worms, where some organs repeat in segments. Includes earthworms, leeches, polychaete worms, and other groups.

Answer 11

Annelida

Question 12

The most diverse phylum, >80% of described living species. All members have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, and a segmented body. (Examples: spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs,crabs, crayfish, insects, centipedes, millipedes, lobsters, shrimp, etc.)

Answer 12

Arthropoda

Question 13

An organism with a left and right side. There is only one way to cut these organisms in half and obtain two matching halves.

Answer 13

Bilateral symmetry

Question 14

Rod adjacent to the nerve cord.

Answer 14

Notochord

Question 15

A phylum of about 44,000 species, all of which share a notochord and pharyngeal gill slits at some developmental stage. They also share a hollow dorsal never cord and post-anal tail.

Answer 15

Chordata

Question 16

A diploblastic phylum of >9,000 aquatic species, all distinguished by stinging cells. Includes jellyfish, Hydra, anemones, and corals.

Answer 16

Cnidaria

Question 17

Stinging cells.

Answer 17

Cnidocytes

Question 18

A body plan with a membrane-lined body cavity, permitting more organization than the other two body plans.

Answer 18

Coelomate

Question 19

A mode of development of the digestive system during which the mouth forms second (anus first).

Answer 19

Deuterostomia

Question 20

Tissues derived from two embryonic layers: ectoderm and endoderm.

Answer 20

Diploblastic

Question 21

Organisms that molt.

Answer 21

Ecdysozoa

Question 22

A phylum of about 7,000 marine species including starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids.

Answer 22

Echinodermata

Question 23

The outer layer of tissue in the gastrula. Gives rise to the skin and nervous system.

Answer 23

Ectoderm

Question 24

Inner layer of tissue in the gastrula. Gives rise to most of the digestive system and multiple internal organs.

Answer 24

Endoderm

Question 25

Organisms with true tissues.

Answer 25

Eumetazoa

Question 26

Tissue organization requires major __________, __________, and __________ processes.

Answer 26

Organizational, genetic, developmental

Question 27

Whorl of tentacles.

Answer 27

Lophophore

Question 28

Ciliated, planktonic.

Answer 28

Trochophore

Question 29

A clade of organisms that share one of two characteristics: either a lophophore mouthpart or a trochophore larval stage.

Answer 29

Lophotrochozoa

Question 30

A layer of germ tissue that fills the space between endoderm and ectoderm.

Answer 30

Mesoderm

Question 31

A diverse phylum of about 93,000 species, all of which have a large cavity used for breathing and excretion and lined with a tissue (mantle), and 2 or 3 nerve cords.

Answer 31

Mollusca

Question 32

Snails and slugs are __________.

Answer 32

Gastropods

Question 33

Clams and muscles are __________.

Answer 33

Bivalves

Question 34

Squid and octopi are __________.

Answer 34

Cephalopods

Question 35

Typically small, narrow worms, >80,000 described species, about 1/5 are parasitic. Very numerous and ubiquitous. Complete gut, longitudinal muscles only.

Answer 35

Nematoda

Question 36

A type of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

Answer 36

Parthenogenesis

Question 37

An acoelomate phylum of about 20,000 species without circulatory and respiratory organs. Many are important human or animal parasites.

Answer 37

Platyhelminthes

Question 38

Informally known as sponges. They lack true tissues; instead, they are composed of several different cell types.

Answer 38

Porifera

Question 39

A mode of development of the digestive system during which the mouth forms first (anus second)

Answer 39

Protostoma

Question 40

A body plan with a body cavity that is not membrane-lined by mesoderm tissue.

Answer 40

Pseudocoelomate

Question 41

The organism can be cut in half in any direction to obtain two matching halves.

Answer 41

Radial symmetry

Question 42

A phylum of tiny aquatic pseudocoelomates with cilia surrounding the mouth that appear to rotate when beating. This phylum comprises almost 2,000 species divided into two main groups with diverse shapes.

Answer 42

Rotifera

Question 43

Having tissues derived from all embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Answer 43

Triploblastic

Question 44

Sponge "skeletons" are comprised of __________.

Answer 44

Spicules

Question 45

Structures formed from calcium carbonate or silica.

Answer 45

Spicules

Question 46

All __________ have true tissues derived from embryonic germ layers.

Answer 46

Eumetazoans

Question 47

Two distinct stages exist within the cnidarian life cycle; a __________ and a __________.

Answer 47

Polyp and medusa

Question 48

A sessile life stage in which the organism adheres to the substrate and uses its tentacles to capture prey from the water.

Answer 48

Polyp

Question 49

A motile life stage which moves within the water column.

Answer 49

Medusa

Question 50

The echinoderms are more closely related to __________.

Answer 50

Chordates

Question 51

__________ have a water vascular system.

Answer 51

Echinoderms

Question 52

All mollusks have three main body parts:

Answer 52

The visceral mass, mantle, and foot.

Question 53

Annelida have simple kidneys, called __________.

Answer 53

Metanephridia