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Biology 2 > Lecture 22-Excretory System > Flashcards

Lecture 22-Excretory System Flashcards

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0
Q

The average human lungs are composed of _____% water.

A

90%

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1
Q

The average human body is composed of _____% water.

A

60%

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2
Q

The average human skin is composed of _____% water.

A

80%

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3
Q

The average human blood is composed of _____% water.

A

82%

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4
Q

The average human brain is composed of _____% water.

A

70%

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5
Q

The average human muscle is composed of _____% water.

A

75%

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6
Q

The average human bones are composed of _____% water.

A

22%

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7
Q

Maintaining internal water balance, or __________, is extremely important.

A

Osmoregulation

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8
Q

__________ is a special type of diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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9
Q

In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to __________ free water concentration.

A

Higher to lower

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10
Q

In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to __________ solute concentration.

A

Lower to higher

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11
Q

Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions separated by the membrane differ in __________.

A

Osmolarity

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12
Q

Total solute concentration expressed as morality (milliOsmoles/L).

A

Osmolarity

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13
Q

Water flows by osmosis from a __________ solution to a __________ one.

A

Hypoosmotic—->Hyperosmotic

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14
Q

Hypoosmotic: __________ solute concentration, __________ free water concentration.

A

Lower, higher

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15
Q

Hyperosmotic: __________ solute concentration, __________ free water concentration.

A

Higher, lower

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16
Q

__________ __________ must be removed.

A

Metabolic wastes

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17
Q

Nitrogenous wastes are produced in the form of __________, which is very toxic.

A

Ammonia

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18
Q

Ammonia needs to be __________ or __________ to less toxic ones.

A

Diluted, converted

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19
Q

Nitrogenous wastes must be __________ _____ __________ to be excreted from the body.

A

Dissolved in water

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20
Q

The removal of metabolic wastes has a large impact on an animal’s:

A

Water balance

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21
Q

The three different types of nitrogenous wastes are:

A

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid

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22
Q

Very low toxicity, conversion from ammonia costs energy.

A

Urea

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23
Q

Highly toxic, highly soluble, easily lost by diffusion.

A

Ammonia

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24
Q

Nontoxic, does not dissolve in water, energetically very expensive.

A

Uric acid

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25
Q

Found in fish.

A

Ammonia

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26
Q

Found in mammals.

A

Urea

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27
Q

Found in birds.

A

Uric acid

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28
Q

__________ is the process that removes metabolic waste from the body through osmoregulation.

A

Excretion

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29
Q

Excretion is the process that removes metabolic waste from the body through __________.

A

Osmoregulation

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30
Q

Excretion is different from __________.

A

Defecation

31
Q

The 4 main stages of excretion are:

A

Filtration—–> Reabsorption —–> Secretion —–> Excretion

32
Q

Water and small solute from blood to excretory tubule.

A

Filtration

33
Q

Processed filtrate released as urine.

A

Excretion

34
Q

Nonessential solutes and wastes added to excretory tube.

A

Secretion

35
Q

Valuable solutes (glucose, salt, vitamins, hormones, animo acids) and water back to blood.

A

Reabsorption

36
Q

What in the excretory ruble makes filtering possible?

A

Selectively permeable membrane

37
Q

The excretory system is an efficient __________ __________.

A

Filter system

38
Q

The glomerulus is the site for:

A

Filtration

39
Q

Glomerular capillaries and epithelial tissues in the Bowman’s capsule are permeable through these, but not blood cells and large molecules.

A

Water and small solutes

40
Q

__________ __________ contains water, salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, etc.

A

Initial filtrate

41
Q

Specialized regions of a nephron are the sites for __________ and __________.

A

Reabsorption, secretion

42
Q

What is the direction of filtrate flow?

A

Bowman’s capsule —–> proximal tubule —–> Loop of Henle —–> distal tubule —–> collecting duct —–> urine

43
Q

In the Loop of Henle, the descending limb is permeable to __________ but not to __________.

A

Water, solutes

44
Q

In the Loop of Henle, the ascending limb is permeable to __________ but not to __________.

A

Solutes, water

45
Q

In the Loop of Henle, the descending limb is permeable to water but not to solutes, but the ascending limb is permeable to solutes and not to water. This is very important in establishing __________ ___________ inside the kidneys.

A

Concentration gradient

46
Q

Reabsorption of ions, water, nutrients; secretion of H+ and ammonia.

A

Proximal tube

47
Q

Reabsorption of water.

A

Descending limb of the Loop of Henle

48
Q

Reabsorption of salt.

A

Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

49
Q

In the reabsorption of salt, salt diffuses out at the __________ __________.

A

Thin segment

50
Q

In the reabsorption of salt, active transport of salt happens at the __________ __________.

A

Thick segment

51
Q

Reabsorption of salt, water, and bicarbonate; secretion of K+ and H+.

A

Distal tubule

52
Q

Reabsorption of salt, water, and urea.

A

Collecting duct

53
Q

The kidneys __________ __________ by maintaining osmolarity gradient.

A

Concentrate urine

54
Q

__________ and __________ contribute to the osmolarity gradient.

A

NaCl and urea

55
Q

Countercurrent system that expends energy to create concentration gradient.

A

Countercurrent multiplier system

56
Q

The kidney has one of the highest __________ __________ of any organ.

A

Metabolic rates

57
Q

_____ L of blood flows through a pair of kidneys each day.

A

1,600

58
Q

Nephrons process _____ L if initial filtrates.

A

180

59
Q

_____% of water, sugar, amino acids, vitamins, and nutrients are reabsorbed in blood.

A

99%

60
Q

_____ L of urine is produced each day.

A

1.5

61
Q

Some foods we take in are __________ and can have effects on kidney function (ex: alcohol and caffeine).

A

Diuretic

62
Q

Inhibits ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion.

A

Alcohol

63
Q

Inhibits reabsorption of Na+, increases glomerular filtration rate.

A

Caffeine

64
Q

A painful inflammation of the joints caused by deposits of uric acid crystals.

A

Gout

65
Q

When urine does not have the correct balance of fluid and a combination of minerals and acids.

A

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

66
Q

In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct.

A

Distal tubule

67
Q

The location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules.

A

Collecting ducts

68
Q

One of the tiny blood vessels that form a network surrounding the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney.

A

Peritubular capillary

69
Q

The capillary system in the kidney that serves the Loop of Henle.

A

Vasa recta

70
Q

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

A

Ureter

71
Q

The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.

A

Urinary bladder

72
Q

A tube that releases urine from the mammalian body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.

A

Urethra

73
Q

Two solutes contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid:

A

NaCl and urea

74
Q

Flatworms have __________, branching internal tubules.

A

Protonephridia

75
Q

Annelids have __________, which collect coelomic fluid from the adjacent anterior segment.

A

Metanephridia

76
Q

Insects have __________ __________, outpocketings of digestive tract that remove nitrogenous wastes.

A

Malpighian tubules

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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