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Lecture 22-Excretory System Flashcards

0
Q

The average human lungs are composed of _____% water.

A

90%

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1
Q

The average human body is composed of _____% water.

A

60%

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2
Q

The average human skin is composed of _____% water.

A

80%

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3
Q

The average human blood is composed of _____% water.

A

82%

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4
Q

The average human brain is composed of _____% water.

A

70%

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5
Q

The average human muscle is composed of _____% water.

A

75%

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6
Q

The average human bones are composed of _____% water.

A

22%

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7
Q

Maintaining internal water balance, or __________, is extremely important.

A

Osmoregulation

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8
Q

__________ is a special type of diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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9
Q

In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to __________ free water concentration.

A

Higher to lower

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10
Q

In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to __________ solute concentration.

A

Lower to higher

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11
Q

Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions separated by the membrane differ in __________.

A

Osmolarity

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12
Q

Total solute concentration expressed as morality (milliOsmoles/L).

A

Osmolarity

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13
Q

Water flows by osmosis from a __________ solution to a __________ one.

A

Hypoosmotic—->Hyperosmotic

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14
Q

Hypoosmotic: __________ solute concentration, __________ free water concentration.

A

Lower, higher

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15
Q

Hyperosmotic: __________ solute concentration, __________ free water concentration.

A

Higher, lower

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16
Q

__________ __________ must be removed.

A

Metabolic wastes

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17
Q

Nitrogenous wastes are produced in the form of __________, which is very toxic.

A

Ammonia

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18
Q

Ammonia needs to be __________ or __________ to less toxic ones.

A

Diluted, converted

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19
Q

Nitrogenous wastes must be __________ _____ __________ to be excreted from the body.

A

Dissolved in water

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20
Q

The removal of metabolic wastes has a large impact on an animal’s:

A

Water balance

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21
Q

The three different types of nitrogenous wastes are:

A

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid

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22
Q

Very low toxicity, conversion from ammonia costs energy.

A

Urea

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23
Q

Highly toxic, highly soluble, easily lost by diffusion.

A

Ammonia

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24
Nontoxic, does not dissolve in water, energetically very expensive.
Uric acid
25
Found in fish.
Ammonia
26
Found in mammals.
Urea
27
Found in birds.
Uric acid
28
__________ is the process that removes metabolic waste from the body through osmoregulation.
Excretion
29
Excretion is the process that removes metabolic waste from the body through __________.
Osmoregulation
30
Excretion is different from __________.
Defecation
31
The 4 main stages of excretion are:
Filtration-----> Reabsorption -----> Secretion -----> Excretion
32
Water and small solute from blood to excretory tubule.
Filtration
33
Processed filtrate released as urine.
Excretion
34
Nonessential solutes and wastes added to excretory tube.
Secretion
35
Valuable solutes (glucose, salt, vitamins, hormones, animo acids) and water back to blood.
Reabsorption
36
What in the excretory ruble makes filtering possible?
Selectively permeable membrane
37
The excretory system is an efficient __________ __________.
Filter system
38
The glomerulus is the site for:
Filtration
39
Glomerular capillaries and epithelial tissues in the Bowman's capsule are permeable through these, but not blood cells and large molecules.
Water and small solutes
40
__________ __________ contains water, salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, etc.
Initial filtrate
41
Specialized regions of a nephron are the sites for __________ and __________.
Reabsorption, secretion
42
What is the direction of filtrate flow?
Bowman's capsule -----> proximal tubule -----> Loop of Henle -----> distal tubule -----> collecting duct -----> urine
43
In the Loop of Henle, the descending limb is permeable to __________ but not to __________.
Water, solutes
44
In the Loop of Henle, the ascending limb is permeable to __________ but not to __________.
Solutes, water
45
In the Loop of Henle, the descending limb is permeable to water but not to solutes, but the ascending limb is permeable to solutes and not to water. This is very important in establishing __________ ___________ inside the kidneys.
Concentration gradient
46
Reabsorption of ions, water, nutrients; secretion of H+ and ammonia.
Proximal tube
47
Reabsorption of water.
Descending limb of the Loop of Henle
48
Reabsorption of salt.
Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
49
In the reabsorption of salt, salt diffuses out at the __________ __________.
Thin segment
50
In the reabsorption of salt, active transport of salt happens at the __________ __________.
Thick segment
51
Reabsorption of salt, water, and bicarbonate; secretion of K+ and H+.
Distal tubule
52
Reabsorption of salt, water, and urea.
Collecting duct
53
The kidneys __________ __________ by maintaining osmolarity gradient.
Concentrate urine
54
__________ and __________ contribute to the osmolarity gradient.
NaCl and urea
55
Countercurrent system that expends energy to create concentration gradient.
Countercurrent multiplier system
56
The kidney has one of the highest __________ __________ of any organ.
Metabolic rates
57
_____ L of blood flows through a pair of kidneys each day.
1,600
58
Nephrons process _____ L if initial filtrates.
180
59
_____% of water, sugar, amino acids, vitamins, and nutrients are reabsorbed in blood.
99%
60
_____ L of urine is produced each day.
1.5
61
Some foods we take in are __________ and can have effects on kidney function (ex: alcohol and caffeine).
Diuretic
62
Inhibits ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion.
Alcohol
63
Inhibits reabsorption of Na+, increases glomerular filtration rate.
Caffeine
64
A painful inflammation of the joints caused by deposits of uric acid crystals.
Gout
65
When urine does not have the correct balance of fluid and a combination of minerals and acids.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
66
In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct.
Distal tubule
67
The location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules.
Collecting ducts
68
One of the tiny blood vessels that form a network surrounding the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney.
Peritubular capillary
69
The capillary system in the kidney that serves the Loop of Henle.
Vasa recta
70
A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Ureter
71
The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.
Urinary bladder
72
A tube that releases urine from the mammalian body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.
Urethra
73
Two solutes contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid:
NaCl and urea
74
Flatworms have __________, branching internal tubules.
Protonephridia
75
Annelids have __________, which collect coelomic fluid from the adjacent anterior segment.
Metanephridia
76
Insects have __________ __________, outpocketings of digestive tract that remove nitrogenous wastes.
Malpighian tubules

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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