Lecture 18-Animal Form and Function Flashcards
__________ is the study of the biological form.
Anatomy
__________ is the study of biological function.
Physiology
Anatomy is the study of the biological __________.
Form
Physiology is the study of the biological __________.
Function
Animal body plans are organized in a __________ manner.
Hierarchical
A bone is __________.
Tissue
What is the order of the hierarchical organization of an animal’s body plan?
Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems
Animals constantly exchange materials with:
Their environment
All muscle cells are basically:
The same
Specialized and complex organ systems are built from a limited set of all __________ and __________ types.
Cell, tissue
The four main types of animal tissues are:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
__________ breaks down carbohydrates.
Amylase
Epithelial tissues cover the:
Outside of the body
Epithelial tissues line the __________ and __________.
Organs, cavities
Epithelial tissues barrier against __________ __________, __________, and __________ __________.
Mechanical injury, pathogens, fluid loss
Epithelial tissues form _________ _________ with the environment.
Active interfaces
Examples of this are the skin, intestinal inner lining, specialized glands, and the lining of lung air sacs.
Epithelial tissue
__________ tissues hold tissues and organs together.
Connective
Connective tissues are build on __________, __________, or __________ foundations.
Liquid, jellylike, or solid
Examples of this are bone, blood, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, and tendons.
Connective tissues
__________ tissues are responsible for body movement.
Muscle
Muscle tissues have filaments containing __________ and__________ (important for muscle contraction).
Actin, myosin
This type of muscle is striated, voluntary, attached to bones by tendons.
Skeletal muscle
This type of muscle is internal organs, involuntary.
Smooth muscle
This type of muscle is striated, synchronized heart contractions.
Cardiac muscle
This type of muscle allows for intestinal movement.
Smooth muscle
__________ tissues receive, process, and transmit information.
Nervous
Nervous tissues contain __________.
Neurons
Nerve cells
Neurons
A concentration of nervous tissues forms a __________.
Brain
Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons.
Glial cells
Transmit nerve impulses.
Neurons
Example of nervous tissues are:
Glial cells and neurons
Tissues, organs, and organ systems must act in __________.
Concert
The __________ system transmits hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.
Endocrine
The endocrine system transmits hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via __________.
Blood
The endocrine system affects __________ _____ __________ regions throughout the body.
One or more
The endocrine system is __________ acting, but has __________ lasting effects.
Slow, long
An example of a hormone that the endocrine system transmits.
Testosterone
The __________ system transmits nerve impulses between specific locations.
Nervous
Nerve impulses are received by __________, __________, and __________ cells.
Nervous, muscle, endocrine
An example of the __________ system in action is being able to sense temperature instantaneously.
Nervous
An animal’s internal environment needs to be __________.
Maintained
The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained by this, which helps to return a temperature to either a normal range or a set point.
Negative feedback
An example of animal homeostasis is:
Thermoregulation
In __________, heat is generated by metabolism.
Endothermy
In __________, heat is gained from external sources.
Ectothermy
Birds and mammals are:
Endothermic
Most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles are:
Ectothermic
Endothermic animals are energetically __________.
Expensive
Ectothermic animals are energetically __________.
Inexpensive
In __________, animals tolerate greater variations in internal temperatures.
Ectothermy
In __________, animals are active at a greater range of external temperatures.
Endothermy
