Lecture 26-Sensory/Muscular/Skeletal System Flashcards
Detection of a stimulus by sensory cells.
Sensory receptors
__________ __________ transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the CNS.
Sensory receptors
Conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential.
Transduction
Transmission of sensory information through nervous system via action potentials.
Transmission
Action potential reaching brain via sensory neurons.
Perception
Transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors is subject __________ and __________.
Amplification and adaptation
Strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction via enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Amplification
Decrease in responsiveness upon continued stimulation.
Sensory adaptation
__________ do not adapt.
Nociceptors
There are_____ types of sensory receptors.
5
What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?
Mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors
What types of stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to?
Pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound
What types of stimuli do electromagnetic receptors respond to?
Visible light, electricity, and magnetism
What types of stimuli do thermoreceptors respond to?
Heat and cold
What types of stimuli do chemoreceptors respond to?
Smell and taste
What types of stimuli do nociceptors respond to?
Pain
Human skin has __________, __________, and __________.
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors
Transduction of pressure waves into nerve impulses.
Hearing
Hearing uses what kind of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Human ears are divided into _____ areas.
5
Collects and channels sound waves.
Outer ears
Transmits vibrations.
Middle ear
Transduction in cochlea.
Inner ear
Transduction in the cochlea relies on __________ __________ and __________ __________.
Hair cells, basilar membrane
The human ear is also an organ of __________ and __________.
Balance, equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors in the inner ear detect equilibrium using:
Moving fluid
Detect angular movement (have three spatial planes).
Semicircular canals
Detect position and linear acceleration.
Utricle and saccule
The sense of taste relies on:
Chemoreceptors
Taste receptor cells in tongue and mouth.
Taste buds
Taste receptor cells are also __________ cells.
Epithelial
Any region of the tongue with taste buds can taste:
Any if the five types
There are specific receptors for specific __________.
Tastants
There are _____ tastants.
5
What are the 5 tastants?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
The sense of smell relies on:
Chemoreceptors
Sensory cells are __________.
Neurons
Humans have more than 1000:
Odorant receptor genes
Focusing is achieved by the shape of the __________.
Lens
Focusing is achieved by the shape of the lens, controlled by:
Ciliary muscles
The thicker the lens:
The more sharply light is bent
The retina contains layers of __________ and __________.
Neurons, photoreceptors
The retina contains _____ types of photoreceptors.
2
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors the retina contains.
Rods and cones
Sensitive to light; do not distinguish color.
Rods
Color vision (red, green, blue), contribute little to night vision.
Cones
Skeletal muscle is organized __________.
Hierarchically
Attached to bones, striated.
Skeletal muscle
Thin filament:
Actin
Thick filament:
Myosin
The hierarchical organization of skeletal muscle:
Muscle fiber —–> myofibril —–> thin filament (actin) —–> thick filament (myosin)
Basic contractile unit of muscle.
Sarcomere
Muslim contraction is achieved by:
Myosin-actin interaction
__________ systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion.
Skeletal
A typical adult human skeleton consists of _____ bones.
206
The glomerulus is the site for:
Filtration
The colored part of the vertebrate eye, formed by the anterior portion of the choroid.
Iris
The structure in an eye that focuses light rays onto the photoreceptors.
Lens
The innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons; transmits images formed by the lens to the brain via the optic nerve.
Retina
Back-and-forth movement of a body part is generally accomplished by:
Antagonistic muscles
