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Biology 2 > Lecture 20-Circulatory and Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 20-Circulatory and Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals depend on oxygen because it provides:

A

Chemical fuel for cellular respiration

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2
Q

All cells need __________.

A

Fuel

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3
Q

Animals engage in constant gas exchange, or __________, with the environment.

A

Respiration

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4
Q

Gas exchange is different from the __________ __________ of cellular respiration.

A

Energy transformation

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5
Q

Gas exchange must take place across moist respiratory surfaces by __________.

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

Gas exchange must take place across __________ respiratory surfaces by diffusion.

A

Moist

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7
Q

All respiratory surfaces have __________ surface areas.

A

Large

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8
Q

Mammals have:

A

Lungs

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9
Q

Insects have a:

A

Tracheal system

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10
Q

Fish have:

A

Gills

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11
Q

Mammals ventilate by negative pressure breathing powered by the __________.

A

Diaphragm

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12
Q

Mammals ventilate by __________ __________ __________ powered by the diaphragm.

A

Negative pressure breathing

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13
Q

Movement of the respiratory medium (O2 and CO2) over the respiratory surface (lungs).

A

Ventilation

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14
Q

Air travels through:

A

Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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15
Q

__________ are where gas exchange occurs in mammals.

A

Alveoli

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16
Q

The circulatory system is a __________ system.

A

Transport

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17
Q

The circulatory delivers:

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, and water

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18
Q

The circulatory system consists of these three components:

A

Circulatory fluid (blood), interconnecting tubes (blood vessels), and a muscular pump (heart)

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19
Q

__________ consists of cells suspended in plasma.

A

Blood

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20
Q

Water, ions, plasma proteins, substances transported by blood (nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones).

A

Plasma

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21
Q

White blood cells are also called:

A

Leukocytes

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22
Q

Leukocytes are for:

A

Defense and immunity

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23
Q

Platelets are for:

A

Blood clotting

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24
Q

Red blood cells are also called:

A

Erythrocytes

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25
Q

Erythrocytes are for the transport of __________ via __________.

A

Oxygen, hemoglobin

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26
Q

These carry blood between the heart and organs.

A

Blood vessels

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27
Q

__________ carry blood AWAY from the heart TO the organs.

A

Arteries

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28
Q

__________ carry blood FROM the organs BACK TO the heart.

A

Veins

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29
Q

The vessels are defined by __________ of blood flow.

A

Direction

30
Q

The vessels are NOT defined by their __________ __________.

A

Oxygen content

31
Q

The __________ is a muscular pump powering blood circulation.

A

Heart

32
Q

The heart is made up mostly of __________ muscle.

A

Cardiac

33
Q

The human heart has how many chambers?

A

4

34
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium, right and left ventricles

35
Q

The heart contracts and relaxes in a __________ cycle.

A

Rhythmic

36
Q

The human heart rate is about _____ beats per minutes.

A

72

37
Q

One complete sequence of pumping and filling.

A

Cardiac cycle

38
Q

Contraction phase.

A

Systole

39
Q

Relaxation phase.

A

Diastole

40
Q

Heart rhythm is maintained by the __________.

A

Pacemaker

41
Q

Sets the rate and timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction.

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

42
Q

Relay point.

A

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

43
Q

Heart rhythm is affected by things such as:

A

Nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise

44
Q

__________ __________ __________ and __________ __________ vary throughout the circulatory system.

A

Blood flow velocity, blood pressure

45
Q

__________: fastest in arteries, slowest is capillaries, medium in veins.

A

Velocity

46
Q

Velocity is fastest in __________.

A

Arteries

47
Q

Velocity is slowest in __________.

A

Capillaries

48
Q

Velocity is medium in __________.

A

Veins

49
Q

__________ __________: highest in arteries, lowest in veins, medium in capillaries.

A

Blood pressure

50
Q

Blood pressure is highest in __________.

A

Arteries

51
Q

Blood pressure is lowest in __________.

A

Veins

52
Q

Blood pressure is medium in __________.

A

Capillaries

53
Q

__________ consists of cells suspended in plasma.

A

Blood

54
Q

__________ consists of water, ions, plasma proteins, substances transported by blood.

A

Plasma

55
Q

White blood cells are also known as:

A

Leukocytes

56
Q

Red blood cells are also known as:

A

Erythrocytes

57
Q

Leukocytes are for __________ and __________.

A

Defense and immunity

58
Q

Blood flow in capillaries is controlled by:

A

Precapillary sphincters

59
Q

At any given time, only about __________% of the capillaries have blood flowing through them.

A

5-10%

60
Q

Only __________ __________ are filled to capacity.

A

Vital capacity

61
Q

Blood flow to the veins is powered by:

A

Skeletal pumping

62
Q

These keep blood moving toward the heart.

A

One-way valves

63
Q

What happens when one-way valves malfunction?

A

Varicose veins

64
Q

Arthropods and most mollusks have __________ circulatory systems.

A

Open

65
Q

In open circulatory systems, __________ bathes body cells.

A

Hemolymph

66
Q

Annelids, cephalopods, and all vertebrates have __________ circulatory systems.

A

Closed

67
Q

In closed circulatory systems, blood is confined to __________ and a __________ pumps blood.

A

Vessels, heart

68
Q

Fish have __________ circulation.

A

Single

69
Q

In __________ __________, blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart.

A

Single circulation

70
Q

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have __________ circulation.

A

Double

71
Q

In __________ __________ there are two separate circuits.

A

Double circulation

72
Q

The two separate circuits in double circulation are:

A

Pulmonary and systemic

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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