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Biology 2 > Lecture 21-Immune and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture 21-Immune and Lymphatic System Flashcards

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0
Q

The __________ __________ enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections.

A

Immune system

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1
Q

Animals face constant danger from __________.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

__________ immunity is found in all animals and plants.

A

Innate

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3
Q

“Built-in immunity”.

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

__________ __________ is the first line of defense against pathogens.

A

Barrier defense

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5
Q

Examples of barrier defenses are:

A

Exoskeleton or skin, mucous membranes, and secretions

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6
Q

__________ are contained in salvia, mucus, and tears.

A

Lysozymes

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7
Q

Once a pathogen breaches barrier defenses, it faces the second line of defenses, called the:

A

Internal defenses

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8
Q

Animals recognize non-self (broad range of pathogens) using a small set of conserved receptors called:

A

Toll receptors

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9
Q

Ingestion and digestion of foreign invaders.

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

Attack microbes or impede their reproduction.

A

Antimicrobial peptides/proteins

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11
Q

Recognize and eliminate diseased cells.

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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12
Q

Changes brought on by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection.

A

Inflammatory responses

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13
Q

What molecules are involved in inflammatory responses.

A

Histamines

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14
Q

Which internal defenses are only found in vertebrates?

A

NK cells and inflammatory responses

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15
Q

__________ immunity produces a vast arsenal of pathogen-specific receptors to recognize and respond to pathogen attacks with tremendous specificity.

A

Adaptive

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity is unique to:

A

Vertebrates

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17
Q

Stores and matures T-cells.

A

Thymus

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18
Q

T-cells and B-cells:

A

Adaptive immunity

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19
Q

Removes old RBC; stores RBC; synthesizes antibodies; produces RBC and immune cells.

A

Spleen

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20
Q

Packed with immune cells. (Tonsils and adenoids are masses of immune tissues).

A

Lymph nodes

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21
Q

Produces RBC, WBC, immune cells, and platelets.

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lymph vessels make up the:

A

Lymphatic system

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23
Q

A precursor to immune cells and blood cells (stem cells) are produced in:

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Bone marrow differentiates into:

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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25
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to:

A

Lymphocytes

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26
Q

Lymphocytes include these types of cells:

A

B cells and T cells

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27
Q

B cells and T cells are important for __________ __________.

A

Adaptive immunity

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28
Q

Defends against extracellular pathogens in blood and lymph by binding to antigens.

A

Humoral immune system

29
Q

Defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells.

A

Cell-mediated immune response

30
Q

Involves B cells

A

Humoral immune response

31
Q

Cell-mediated immune response defends against __________ pathogens.

A

Intracellular

32
Q

Involves T cells

A

Cell-mediated immune response

33
Q

Lymphocytes that migrate from bone marrow to thymus and mature in the organ.

A

T cells

34
Q

Humoral immune response defends against __________ pathogens.

A

Extracellular

35
Q

Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow.

A

B cells

36
Q

Any substance that elicits a response from immune cells.

A

Antigen

37
Q

Humoral immune response involves __________ and __________.

A

B cells, antibodies

38
Q

B cell antigen binding receptors are _____-shaped.

A

Y

39
Q

An antigen receptor of a B cell binds to an __________.

A

Epitope

40
Q

__________ __________ secrete antibodies.

A

Plasma cells

41
Q

Also known as the immunoglobulin; a secreted protein that binds to antigens and can deactivate antigens.

A

Antibody

42
Q

An antibody is a multifunctional defense weapon and it can deactivate pathogens by processes such as:

A

Viral neutralization, opsonization, activation of complement system, and pore formation

43
Q

Cell-mediated immune response involves __________ cells and __________ cells.

A

Helper T, cytotoxic T

44
Q

T cells do not produce:

A

Antibodies

45
Q

Antigen receptors of T cells only bind to fragments of antigens that are:

A

Presented on the surface of host cells

46
Q

Antigen presentation is achieved through:

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

47
Q

These do not have MHC Type 1.

A

Red blood cells

48
Q

Found in almost all cells.

A

Class 1 MHC molecules

49
Q

Class 1 MHC molecules are recognized by:

A

Cytotoxic T cells only

50
Q

Class 1 MHC molecules are found in __________ __________ cells.

A

Almost all

51
Q

Class II MHC molecules are found only in __________ __________ cells.

A

Antigen-presenting

52
Q

Examples of antigen-presenting cells are:

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

53
Q

Class II MHC molecules are recognized by:

A

Helper T cells AND cytotoxic T cells

54
Q

__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the infected and kill.

A

Cytotoxic, class I MHC

55
Q

Programmed cell death.

A

Apoptosis

56
Q

__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the antigen-presenting cells and active B and T cells.

A

Helper, class II MHC

57
Q

Produced by both antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells. Stimulate other immune cells.

A

Cytokines

58
Q

Stimulate replicating themselves.

A

Cytokines

59
Q

The intersection between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

A

Helper T cells

60
Q

Adaptive immunity relies on:

A

Memory cells

61
Q

Give rise to memory cells.

A

B and T cells

62
Q

Long-lived cells that can attack the antigens in the future encounter more readily.

A

Memory cells

63
Q

There are _____ different B cells in each person.

A

10^6

64
Q

There are _____ different T cells in each person.

A

10^7

65
Q

Self-reactivity tested in:

A

Bone marrow or thymus

66
Q

Lymphocyte amplification upon binding to antigen.

A

Clonal selection

67
Q

Disruptions in the immune system:

A

Allergies

68
Q

Allergies are __________ responses to certain antigens called __________.

A

Hypersensitive, allergens

69
Q

The antibody (IgE) attaches to the __________ __________, releasing __________, causing allergic reactions.

A

Mast cells, histamines

70
Q

Activate other cells.

A

Helper T cells

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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