Lecture 21-Immune and Lymphatic System Flashcards
The __________ __________ enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections.
Immune system
Animals face constant danger from __________.
Pathogens
__________ immunity is found in all animals and plants.
Innate
“Built-in immunity”.
Innate immunity
__________ __________ is the first line of defense against pathogens.
Barrier defense
Examples of barrier defenses are:
Exoskeleton or skin, mucous membranes, and secretions
__________ are contained in salvia, mucus, and tears.
Lysozymes
Once a pathogen breaches barrier defenses, it faces the second line of defenses, called the:
Internal defenses
Animals recognize non-self (broad range of pathogens) using a small set of conserved receptors called:
Toll receptors
Ingestion and digestion of foreign invaders.
Phagocytosis
Attack microbes or impede their reproduction.
Antimicrobial peptides/proteins
Recognize and eliminate diseased cells.
Natural killer (NK) cells
Changes brought on by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection.
Inflammatory responses
What molecules are involved in inflammatory responses.
Histamines
Which internal defenses are only found in vertebrates?
NK cells and inflammatory responses
__________ immunity produces a vast arsenal of pathogen-specific receptors to recognize and respond to pathogen attacks with tremendous specificity.
Adaptive
Adaptive immunity is unique to:
Vertebrates
Stores and matures T-cells.
Thymus
T-cells and B-cells:
Adaptive immunity
Removes old RBC; stores RBC; synthesizes antibodies; produces RBC and immune cells.
Spleen
Packed with immune cells. (Tonsils and adenoids are masses of immune tissues).
Lymph nodes
Produces RBC, WBC, immune cells, and platelets.
Bone marrow
The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lymph vessels make up the:
Lymphatic system
A precursor to immune cells and blood cells (stem cells) are produced in:
Bone marrow
Bone marrow differentiates into:
Lymphoid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to:
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes include these types of cells:
B cells and T cells
B cells and T cells are important for __________ __________.
Adaptive immunity
Defends against extracellular pathogens in blood and lymph by binding to antigens.
Humoral immune system
Defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells.
Cell-mediated immune response
Involves B cells
Humoral immune response
Cell-mediated immune response defends against __________ pathogens.
Intracellular
Involves T cells
Cell-mediated immune response
Lymphocytes that migrate from bone marrow to thymus and mature in the organ.
T cells
Humoral immune response defends against __________ pathogens.
Extracellular
Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow.
B cells
Any substance that elicits a response from immune cells.
Antigen
Humoral immune response involves __________ and __________.
B cells, antibodies
B cell antigen binding receptors are _____-shaped.
Y
An antigen receptor of a B cell binds to an __________.
Epitope
__________ __________ secrete antibodies.
Plasma cells
Also known as the immunoglobulin; a secreted protein that binds to antigens and can deactivate antigens.
Antibody
An antibody is a multifunctional defense weapon and it can deactivate pathogens by processes such as:
Viral neutralization, opsonization, activation of complement system, and pore formation
Cell-mediated immune response involves __________ cells and __________ cells.
Helper T, cytotoxic T
T cells do not produce:
Antibodies
Antigen receptors of T cells only bind to fragments of antigens that are:
Presented on the surface of host cells
Antigen presentation is achieved through:
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
These do not have MHC Type 1.
Red blood cells
Found in almost all cells.
Class 1 MHC molecules
Class 1 MHC molecules are recognized by:
Cytotoxic T cells only
Class 1 MHC molecules are found in __________ __________ cells.
Almost all
Class II MHC molecules are found only in __________ __________ cells.
Antigen-presenting
Examples of antigen-presenting cells are:
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
Class II MHC molecules are recognized by:
Helper T cells AND cytotoxic T cells
__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the infected and kill.
Cytotoxic, class I MHC
Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the antigen-presenting cells and active B and T cells.
Helper, class II MHC
Produced by both antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells. Stimulate other immune cells.
Cytokines
Stimulate replicating themselves.
Cytokines
The intersection between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
Helper T cells
Adaptive immunity relies on:
Memory cells
Give rise to memory cells.
B and T cells
Long-lived cells that can attack the antigens in the future encounter more readily.
Memory cells
There are _____ different B cells in each person.
10^6
There are _____ different T cells in each person.
10^7
Self-reactivity tested in:
Bone marrow or thymus
Lymphocyte amplification upon binding to antigen.
Clonal selection
Disruptions in the immune system:
Allergies
Allergies are __________ responses to certain antigens called __________.
Hypersensitive, allergens
The antibody (IgE) attaches to the __________ __________, releasing __________, causing allergic reactions.
Mast cells, histamines
Activate other cells.
Helper T cells
