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Biology 2 > Lecture 21-Immune and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture 21-Immune and Lymphatic System Flashcards

0
Q

The __________ __________ enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections.

A

Immune system

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1
Q

Animals face constant danger from __________.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

__________ immunity is found in all animals and plants.

A

Innate

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3
Q

“Built-in immunity”.

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

__________ __________ is the first line of defense against pathogens.

A

Barrier defense

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5
Q

Examples of barrier defenses are:

A

Exoskeleton or skin, mucous membranes, and secretions

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6
Q

__________ are contained in salvia, mucus, and tears.

A

Lysozymes

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7
Q

Once a pathogen breaches barrier defenses, it faces the second line of defenses, called the:

A

Internal defenses

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8
Q

Animals recognize non-self (broad range of pathogens) using a small set of conserved receptors called:

A

Toll receptors

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9
Q

Ingestion and digestion of foreign invaders.

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

Attack microbes or impede their reproduction.

A

Antimicrobial peptides/proteins

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11
Q

Recognize and eliminate diseased cells.

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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12
Q

Changes brought on by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection.

A

Inflammatory responses

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13
Q

What molecules are involved in inflammatory responses.

A

Histamines

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14
Q

Which internal defenses are only found in vertebrates?

A

NK cells and inflammatory responses

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15
Q

__________ immunity produces a vast arsenal of pathogen-specific receptors to recognize and respond to pathogen attacks with tremendous specificity.

A

Adaptive

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity is unique to:

A

Vertebrates

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17
Q

Stores and matures T-cells.

A

Thymus

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18
Q

T-cells and B-cells:

A

Adaptive immunity

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19
Q

Removes old RBC; stores RBC; synthesizes antibodies; produces RBC and immune cells.

A

Spleen

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20
Q

Packed with immune cells. (Tonsils and adenoids are masses of immune tissues).

A

Lymph nodes

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21
Q

Produces RBC, WBC, immune cells, and platelets.

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lymph vessels make up the:

A

Lymphatic system

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23
Q

A precursor to immune cells and blood cells (stem cells) are produced in:

A

Bone marrow

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24
Bone marrow differentiates into:
Lymphoid stem cells
25
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to:
Lymphocytes
26
Lymphocytes include these types of cells:
B cells and T cells
27
B cells and T cells are important for __________ __________.
Adaptive immunity
28
Defends against extracellular pathogens in blood and lymph by binding to antigens.
Humoral immune system
29
Defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells.
Cell-mediated immune response
30
Involves B cells
Humoral immune response
31
Cell-mediated immune response defends against __________ pathogens.
Intracellular
32
Involves T cells
Cell-mediated immune response
33
Lymphocytes that migrate from bone marrow to thymus and mature in the organ.
T cells
34
Humoral immune response defends against __________ pathogens.
Extracellular
35
Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow.
B cells
36
Any substance that elicits a response from immune cells.
Antigen
37
Humoral immune response involves __________ and __________.
B cells, antibodies
38
B cell antigen binding receptors are _____-shaped.
Y
39
An antigen receptor of a B cell binds to an __________.
Epitope
40
__________ __________ secrete antibodies.
Plasma cells
41
Also known as the immunoglobulin; a secreted protein that binds to antigens and can deactivate antigens.
Antibody
42
An antibody is a multifunctional defense weapon and it can deactivate pathogens by processes such as:
Viral neutralization, opsonization, activation of complement system, and pore formation
43
Cell-mediated immune response involves __________ cells and __________ cells.
Helper T, cytotoxic T
44
T cells do not produce:
Antibodies
45
Antigen receptors of T cells only bind to fragments of antigens that are:
Presented on the surface of host cells
46
Antigen presentation is achieved through:
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
47
These do not have MHC Type 1.
Red blood cells
48
Found in almost all cells.
Class 1 MHC molecules
49
Class 1 MHC molecules are recognized by:
Cytotoxic T cells only
50
Class 1 MHC molecules are found in __________ __________ cells.
Almost all
51
Class II MHC molecules are found only in __________ __________ cells.
Antigen-presenting
52
Examples of antigen-presenting cells are:
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
53
Class II MHC molecules are recognized by:
Helper T cells AND cytotoxic T cells
54
__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the infected and kill.
Cytotoxic, class I MHC
55
Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
56
__________ T cells bind to __________ molecules of the antigen-presenting cells and active B and T cells.
Helper, class II MHC
57
Produced by both antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells. Stimulate other immune cells.
Cytokines
58
Stimulate replicating themselves.
Cytokines
59
The intersection between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
Helper T cells
60
Adaptive immunity relies on:
Memory cells
61
Give rise to memory cells.
B and T cells
62
Long-lived cells that can attack the antigens in the future encounter more readily.
Memory cells
63
There are _____ different B cells in each person.
10^6
64
There are _____ different T cells in each person.
10^7
65
Self-reactivity tested in:
Bone marrow or thymus
66
Lymphocyte amplification upon binding to antigen.
Clonal selection
67
Disruptions in the immune system:
Allergies
68
Allergies are __________ responses to certain antigens called __________.
Hypersensitive, allergens
69
The antibody (IgE) attaches to the __________ __________, releasing __________, causing allergic reactions.
Mast cells, histamines
70
Activate other cells.
Helper T cells

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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