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Biology 2 > Lecture 25-Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 25-Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

Our bodies detect stimuli (sensory input) through __________ __________ in the sensor, and the signal is transmitted through __________.

A

Sensory neurons, interneurons

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1
Q

The nervous system handles:

A

Information processing

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2
Q

Analyze and interpret information, and make decisions.

A

Interneurons

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3
Q

After the signal is transmitted through interneurons, and then the resulting signal travels through:

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

Communicate with effector cells.

A

Motor neurons

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5
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

Consists of all the nerves out of the spinal cord connecting to organs.

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

Sensory system responds to both __________ and __________ stimuli.

A

External, internal

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8
Q

Examples of external stimuli:

A

Light, sound, touch, hear, smell, and taste

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9
Q

Examples of internal stimuli:

A

Blood pressure, blood chemical level, muscle tension, blood sugar

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10
Q

A neuron consists of:

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

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11
Q

Junction where chemical information is passed on.

A

Synapse

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12
Q

Signals travel through the axon via:

A

Action potential

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13
Q

Provides electrical insulation.

A

Myelin sheath

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14
Q

Myelin sheath is produced by:

A

Glial cells

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15
Q

Glial cells:

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath that result in saltatory conduction.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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17
Q

Fast signal conduction.

A

Saltatory conduction

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18
Q

All cells have a __________ __________ across plasma membrane.

A

Membrane potential (voltage)

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19
Q

Non transmitting neurons have a __________ potential between -60 and -80 millivolts (they have a __________ charge).

A

Resting, negative

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20
Q

The electrical potential generated by ion differential across a membrane.

A

Resting potential

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21
Q

__________ ions and __________ ions play an essential role in forming resting potential.

A

Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+)

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22
Q

At resting potential, the concentration of __________ ions is high inside the neuron cell.

A

Potassium (K+)

23
Q

At resting potential, the concentration of __________ ions is high outside the neuron cell.

A

Sodium (Na+)

24
Q

Changes in the membrane potential occur because neurons contain:

A

Gated ion channels

25
Q

Opening K+ channels. Increases permeability to K+. Net diffusion of K+ out if neuron, inside neuron becomes more negative.

A

Hyperpolarization

26
Q

Opening Na+ channels. Increases permeability to Na+. Net diffusion of Na out of neuron. Inside neuron becomes more positive.

A

Depolarization

27
Q

Depolarization reaches the threshold and opens most __________ channels (potassium channels remain closed). Massive influx of __________ into neuron.

A

Na+

28
Q

Action potentials and conducted in a cascade-like manner along __________.

A

Axons

29
Q

Depolarization of the action potential spreads to:

A

Neighboring regions

30
Q

After depolarization of the action potential spreads to neighboring regions, the previous membrane gets:

A

Repolarized

31
Q

Membrane cannot be re-stimulated: prevents potentials from traveling backwards.

A

Refractory period

32
Q

Nervous system involving neurons evolved about:

A

500 MYA

33
Q

The brain provides __________ __________.

A

Integrative power

34
Q

_________ matter: neuron cells bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons.

A

Gray

35
Q

__________ matter: bundled axons with myelin sheaths.

A

White

36
Q

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (supply nutrients and hormones. Carry away wastes).

A

Ventricles

37
Q

Convents information to and from the brain. Generates basic patterns of locomotion and produces reflex.

A

Spinal cord

38
Q

The body’s automatic responses to certain stimuli.

A

Reflexes

39
Q

Examples are reflexes are:

A

Knee-jerk reflex and the infant grasping reflex

40
Q

The human brain has _____ major parts.

A

4

41
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the human brain?

A

Brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and the cerebral cortex

42
Q

The brainstem is the site for:

A

Homeostasis

43
Q

These make up the brainstem:

A

Midbrain, and the pons & medulla oblongata

44
Q

Receives and integrates sensory information.

A

Midbrain

45
Q

__________ and __________ __________ transfer information between PNS and midbrain. Control automatic homeostatic functions (breathing, heart activity, digestion).

A

Pons, medulla oblongata

46
Q

Important for coordinating motor control.

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

Relay station for information flow in the body.

A

Diencephalon

48
Q

3 main parts of the diencephalon:

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

49
Q

Pineal gland, source of melatonin.

A

Epithalamus

50
Q

Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum.

A

Thalamus

51
Q

Important region for homeostasis, sexual behavior, fight-or-flight response, pleasure.

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

Controls muscle contraction, learning, emotion, memory, and perception.

A

Cerebrum

53
Q

The cerebral cortex is the site of:

A

Information processing

54
Q

The __________ __________ is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.

A

Cerebral cortex

55
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres and connected by the:

A

Corpus callosum

56
Q

Neurons are arranged according to the part if the body that:

A

Generates the sensory input

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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