Lecture 28-Plant Nutrition and Development

Question 0

What do plants need for development and reproduction?

Answer 0

Light, CO2, water, minerals, and nutrients

Question 1

Plants need light, CO2, water, minerals, and nutrients for __________ and __________.

Answer 1

Development, reproduction

Question 2

Plants get __________ and __________ from above the ground.

Answer 2

Light and CO2

Question 3

Plants get __________ and __________ from below ground.

Answer 3

Water and minerals

Question 4

These are required to complete life cycle and produce another generation.

Answer 4

Essential elements

Question 5

Plants require nutrients in different __________.

Answer 5

Quantities

Question 6

Nutrients that are required in large amounts.

Answer 6

Macronutrients

Question 7

Nutrients that are required in small amounts.

Answer 7

Micronutrients

Question 8

Examples of macronutrients:

Answer 8

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur

Question 9

Examples of micronutrients:

Answer 9

Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum

Question 10

Shoot system generate __________ through photosynthesis.

Answer 10

Sugar

Question 11

______ carbon dioxide molecules + ______ water molecules + light energy = sugar.

Answer 11

6

Question 12

These involve both the root system and shoot system.

Answer 12

Resource acquisition and transport

Question 13

Resource acquisition and transport involve both:

Answer 13

The root system and the shoot system

Question 14

What are the two different mechanisms of transportation in plant?

Answer 14

Short distance transport and long distance transport

Question 15

What is associated with long distance transport?

Answer 15

Bulk flow (pressure gradient)

Question 16

What is associated with short distance transport?

Answer 16

Solutes and water across plasma membranes

Question 17

Solutes moving across a plasma membrane is associated with:

Answer 17

Diffusion and active transport

Question 18

Water flowing across a plasma membrane is associated with:

Answer 18

Diffusion

Question 19

What are the two major compartments that plant tissues have?

Answer 19

Apoplasts and symplast

Question 20

Compartmental structure of plant cells provides _____ routes of transportation.

Answer 20

3

Question 21

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

Answer 21

Photosynthesis

Question 22

The loss of water from leaves (mostly through stomata).

Answer 22

Transpiration

Question 23

Transpiration creates a force within leaves that does what?

Answer 23

Pulls xylem sap upward

Question 24

Through stomata, leaves do what?

Answer 24

Take in CO2 and release O2

Question 25

__________ are produced by photosynthesis in the leaves.

Answer 25

Sugars

Question 26

__________ __________ can flow both ways between shoots and roots.

Answer 26

Phloem sap

Question 27

What does phloem sap do?

Answer 27

Moves from sites of sugar production or storage to sites of sugar use or storage

Question 28

__________ exchange gases with the air spaces of soil, taking in O2 and discharging CO2.

Answer 28

Roots

Question 29

Water and minerals are transported upward from roots to shoots as:

Answer 29

Xylem sap

Question 30

What in the soil are absorbed by roots?

Answer 30

Water and minerals

Question 31

Phloem sap moves from sites of sugar production (usually __________) or storage (usually __________) to sites of sugar use or storage

Answer 31

Leaves, roots

Question 32

The movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient.

Answer 32

Bulk flow

Question 33

The apoplast is the continuum of:

Answer 33

Cells walls and extracellular spaces

Question 34

The symplast is the continuum of:

Answer 34

Cytosol connected by plasmodesmata

Question 35

What are the 3 routes of transportation provided by the compartmental structure plant cells?

Answer 35

Apoplastic route, symplastic route, and transmembrane route

Question 36

Water and solute move along a continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces, dead interiors of tracheids, and vessels.

Answer 36

Apoplastic route

Question 37

Water and solute move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell.

Answer 37

Transmembrane route

Question 38

Water and solute move along a continuum of cytosol of cells, connected by plasmodesmata.

Answer 38

Symplastic route

Question 39

Short-distance transport of water is due to:

Answer 39

Diffusion

Question 40

Transport of water molecules across membranes is facilitated by transport proteins called:

Answer 40

Aquaporins

Question 41

__________ molecules can pass through pores, but __________ molecules cannot.

Answer 41

Water, sugar

Question 42

Water molecules do what to sugar molecules?

Answer 42

Cluster around them

Question 43

Short-distance transport of solute across plasma membranes mostly relies on what?

Answer 43

A proton pump

Question 44

In active transport in plant cells, the most important transport proteins are:

Answer 44

Proton pumps

Question 45

What do proton pumps do?

Answer 45

They use energy from ATP to pump protons out of a cell

Question 46

Proton pumps contribute to the __________ __________ and the establishment of a __________ __________ across the membrane.

Answer 46

Membrane potential, pH gradient

Question 47

Proton pumps can also __________ other solutes such as sucrose.

Answer 47

Cotransport

Question 48

Transport of water and minerals from root hairs to xylem relies on __________ and __________.

Answer 48

Diffusion, active transport

Question 49

Transport of water and minerals from __________ __________ to __________ relies on diffusion and active transport.

Answer 49

Root hairs, xylem

Question 50

Innermost layer of cells in root cortex.

Answer 50

Endodermis

Question 51

Describe the endodermis.

Answer 51

It is the last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals.

Question 52

A belt made of suberin.

Answer 52

The Casparian strip

Question 53

Describe what the Casparian belt does?

Answer 53

Prevents water and minerals from entering stele through the apoplastic pathway.

Question 54

Bulk flow in xylem is powered by what?

Answer 54

Transpiration, cohesion, adhesion, and tension

Question 55

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Answer 55

Cohesion

Question 56

Negative pressure potential.

Answer 56

Tension

Question 57

Loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plants.

Answer 57

Transpiration

Question 58

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and cell walls.

Answer 58

Adhesion

Question 59

__________ __________ forms an unbroken chain of water molecules extending from leaves to soil.

Answer 59

Hydrogen bonding

Question 60

The force driving the ascent of xylem sap is a:

Answer 60

Gradient of water potential

Question 61

Stomata regulate:

Answer 61

Transpiration

Question 62

__________ regulate transpiration.

Answer 62

Stomata

Question 63

_____% water loss through stomata.

Answer 63

95%

Question 64

Stomatal opening and closing depend on __________ and __________ movement in guard cells.

Answer 64

Water, potassium

Question 65

This depends on water and potassium movement in guard cells.

Answer 65

Stomatal opening and closing

Question 66

What is stomata affected by?

Answer 66

Light, CO2 depletion, and internal "clock"

Question 67

Sugars are transported from __________ to __________ via the phloem.

Answer 67

Sources, sinks

Question 68

Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the:

Answer 68

Phloem

Question 69

Plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or by breakdown of starch.

Answer 69

Sugar source

Question 70

Plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar.

Answer 70

Sugar sink

Question 71

Transport of the products of photosynthesis.

Answer 71

Translocation

Question 72

Aqueous solution that flows through sieve tubes.

Answer 72

Phloem sap

Question 73

Phloem sap is up to 30% what?

Answer 73

Sucrose

Question 74

Phloem sap is up to _____% sucrose.

Answer 74

30%

Question 75

Multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other.

Answer 75

Alternation of generations