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Biology 2 > Lecture 28-Plant Nutrition and Development > Flashcards

Lecture 28-Plant Nutrition and Development Flashcards

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0
Q

What do plants need for development and reproduction?

A

Light, CO2, water, minerals, and nutrients

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1
Q

Plants need light, CO2, water, minerals, and nutrients for __________ and __________.

A

Development, reproduction

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2
Q

Plants get __________ and __________ from above the ground.

A

Light and CO2

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3
Q

Plants get __________ and __________ from below ground.

A

Water and minerals

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4
Q

These are required to complete life cycle and produce another generation.

A

Essential elements

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5
Q

Plants require nutrients in different __________.

A

Quantities

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6
Q

Nutrients that are required in large amounts.

A

Macronutrients

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7
Q

Nutrients that are required in small amounts.

A

Micronutrients

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8
Q

Examples of macronutrients:

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur

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9
Q

Examples of micronutrients:

A

Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum

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10
Q

Shoot system generate __________ through photosynthesis.

A

Sugar

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11
Q

______ carbon dioxide molecules + ______ water molecules + light energy = sugar.

A

6

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12
Q

These involve both the root system and shoot system.

A

Resource acquisition and transport

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13
Q

Resource acquisition and transport involve both:

A

The root system and the shoot system

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14
Q

What are the two different mechanisms of transportation in plant?

A

Short distance transport and long distance transport

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15
Q

What is associated with long distance transport?

A

Bulk flow (pressure gradient)

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16
Q

What is associated with short distance transport?

A

Solutes and water across plasma membranes

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17
Q

Solutes moving across a plasma membrane is associated with:

A

Diffusion and active transport

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18
Q

Water flowing across a plasma membrane is associated with:

A

Diffusion

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19
Q

What are the two major compartments that plant tissues have?

A

Apoplasts and symplast

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20
Q

Compartmental structure of plant cells provides _____ routes of transportation.

A

3

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21
Q

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

A

Photosynthesis

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22
Q

The loss of water from leaves (mostly through stomata).

A

Transpiration

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23
Q

Transpiration creates a force within leaves that does what?

A

Pulls xylem sap upward

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24
Q

Through stomata, leaves do what?

A

Take in CO2 and release O2

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25
Q

__________ are produced by photosynthesis in the leaves.

A

Sugars

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26
Q

__________ __________ can flow both ways between shoots and roots.

A

Phloem sap

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27
Q

What does phloem sap do?

A

Moves from sites of sugar production or storage to sites of sugar use or storage

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28
Q

__________ exchange gases with the air spaces of soil, taking in O2 and discharging CO2.

A

Roots

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29
Q

Water and minerals are transported upward from roots to shoots as:

A

Xylem sap

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30
Q

What in the soil are absorbed by roots?

A

Water and minerals

31
Q

Phloem sap moves from sites of sugar production (usually __________) or storage (usually __________) to sites of sugar use or storage

A

Leaves, roots

32
Q

The movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient.

A

Bulk flow

33
Q

The apoplast is the continuum of:

A

Cells walls and extracellular spaces

34
Q

The symplast is the continuum of:

A

Cytosol connected by plasmodesmata

35
Q

What are the 3 routes of transportation provided by the compartmental structure plant cells?

A

Apoplastic route, symplastic route, and transmembrane route

36
Q

Water and solute move along a continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces, dead interiors of tracheids, and vessels.

A

Apoplastic route

37
Q

Water and solute move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell.

A

Transmembrane route

38
Q

Water and solute move along a continuum of cytosol of cells, connected by plasmodesmata.

A

Symplastic route

39
Q

Short-distance transport of water is due to:

A

Diffusion

40
Q

Transport of water molecules across membranes is facilitated by transport proteins called:

A

Aquaporins

41
Q

__________ molecules can pass through pores, but __________ molecules cannot.

A

Water, sugar

42
Q

Water molecules do what to sugar molecules?

A

Cluster around them

43
Q

Short-distance transport of solute across plasma membranes mostly relies on what?

A

A proton pump

44
Q

In active transport in plant cells, the most important transport proteins are:

A

Proton pumps

45
Q

What do proton pumps do?

A

They use energy from ATP to pump protons out of a cell

46
Q

Proton pumps contribute to the __________ __________ and the establishment of a __________ __________ across the membrane.

A

Membrane potential, pH gradient

47
Q

Proton pumps can also __________ other solutes such as sucrose.

A

Cotransport

48
Q

Transport of water and minerals from root hairs to xylem relies on __________ and __________.

A

Diffusion, active transport

49
Q

Transport of water and minerals from __________ __________ to __________ relies on diffusion and active transport.

A

Root hairs, xylem

50
Q

Innermost layer of cells in root cortex.

A

Endodermis

51
Q

Describe the endodermis.

A

It is the last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals.

52
Q

A belt made of suberin.

A

The Casparian strip

53
Q

Describe what the Casparian belt does?

A

Prevents water and minerals from entering stele through the apoplastic pathway.

54
Q

Bulk flow in xylem is powered by what?

A

Transpiration, cohesion, adhesion, and tension

55
Q

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

A

Cohesion

56
Q

Negative pressure potential.

A

Tension

57
Q

Loss of water vapor from leaves and other aerial parts of the plants.

A

Transpiration

58
Q

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and cell walls.

A

Adhesion

59
Q

__________ __________ forms an unbroken chain of water molecules extending from leaves to soil.

A

Hydrogen bonding

60
Q

The force driving the ascent of xylem sap is a:

A

Gradient of water potential

61
Q

Stomata regulate:

A

Transpiration

62
Q

__________ regulate transpiration.

A

Stomata

63
Q

_____% water loss through stomata.

A

95%

64
Q

Stomatal opening and closing depend on __________ and __________ movement in guard cells.

A

Water, potassium

65
Q

This depends on water and potassium movement in guard cells.

A

Stomatal opening and closing

66
Q

What is stomata affected by?

A

Light, CO2 depletion, and internal “clock”

67
Q

Sugars are transported from __________ to __________ via the phloem.

A

Sources, sinks

68
Q

Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the:

A

Phloem

69
Q

Plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or by breakdown of starch.

A

Sugar source

70
Q

Plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar.

A

Sugar sink

71
Q

Transport of the products of photosynthesis.

A

Translocation

72
Q

Aqueous solution that flows through sieve tubes.

A

Phloem sap

73
Q

Phloem sap is up to 30% what?

A

Sucrose

74
Q

Phloem sap is up to _____% sucrose.

A

30%

75
Q

Multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other.

A

Alternation of generations

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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