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Biology 2 > Lecture 27-Plant Anatomy and Growth > Flashcards

Lecture 27-Plant Anatomy and Growth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Plants have a __________ organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells.

A

Hierarchical

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1
Q

Angiosperms constitute _____% of all plant species.

A

90%

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2
Q

A group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

A

Tissue

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3
Q

Several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.

A

Organs

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4
Q

3 types of organs in plants.

A

Roots, stems, and leaves

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5
Q

What are the 2 organ systems in a plant?

A

Root system and shoot system

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6
Q

What makes up the root system?

A

Roots

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7
Q

What makes up the shoot system?

A

Stems and leaves

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8
Q

What do roots do?

A

Provide anchor, absorb minerals and water, and store carbohydrates

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9
Q

One main vertical root, giving rise to the lateral roots.

A

Taproot system

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10
Q

Branch roots.

A

Lateral roots

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11
Q

The taproot system is for:

A

Support

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12
Q

Epithelial projections that are short-lived, constantly replaced, thin, tubular extension of root epidermal cells.

A

Root hairs

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13
Q

Root hairs are for:

A

Absorption

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14
Q

Root hairs provide this to maximize water absorption.

A

A large surface area

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15
Q

Some species have evolved storage roots for storing:

A

Food and water

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16
Q

Examples of species that have evolved storage roots for storing food or water:

A

Carrots, beets, and turnips

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17
Q

__________ __________ are roots above ground.

A

Aerial roots

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18
Q

An example of aerial roots are __________ __________. These support and gather nutrients.

A

Buttress roots

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19
Q

An example of aerial roots are __________. These are for oxygen absorption in “water logged” habitats.

A

Pneumatophores

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20
Q

Stems consist if an alternating system of __________ and __________.

A

Nodes, internodes

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21
Q

Stems conduct __________ and __________ and provide __________ __________.

A

Fluids, gases, structural support

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22
Q

Where leaves are attached.

A

Nodes

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23
Q

Segments between nodes.

A

Internodes

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24
Q

Forms lateral shoot (i.e. branch).

A

Auxiliary bed

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25
Q

Causes elongation of young shoot.

A

Apical bud

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26
Q

There are many __________ of stems and also leaves in plants.

A

Modifications

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27
Q

A modification of the stem found in roses is:

A

Thorns

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28
Q

A modification of the stem found in potatoes and used as an underground storage stem.

A

Tubers

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29
Q

A modification of the stem found in ginger and used as an underground stem.

A

Rhizomes

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30
Q

A modification of the stem found in strawberries and used as a horizontal stem.

A

Stolon

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31
Q

The leaf is the main site for __________ and __________ __________.

A

Photosynthesis, gas exchange

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32
Q

A modification of leaves found in aloe plants that store water and food.

A

Succulent leaf

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33
Q

A modification of leaves found in bougainvillea that attract pollinators.

A

Bract (leaves in these are bright)

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34
Q

A modification of leaves found in cacti that are used for protection.

A

Spines

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35
Q

There are _____ tissue system in each plant organ.

A

3

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36
Q

The __________ __________ is a functional unit connecting all of the plant’s organs.

A

Tissue system

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37
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems in each plant organ?

A

Dermal, vascular, and ground

38
Q

Outer protective covering.

A

Dermal tissue system

39
Q

In nonwoody plants and young plants, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:

A

Epidermis

40
Q

In leaves and stems the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:

A

Cuticle

41
Q

In woody plants the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:

A

Periderm

42
Q

In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the epidermis.

A

Nonwoody plants and young plants

43
Q

In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the cuticle.

A

Leaves and stems

44
Q

In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the periderm.

A

Woody plants

45
Q

A waxy coating that prevents water loss.

A

Cuticle

46
Q

Protective tissue that replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

A

Periderm

47
Q

A layer of tightly packed cells.

A

Epidermis

48
Q

Long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

A

Vascular tissue system

49
Q

What are the 3 components of the vascular tissue system?

A

Xylem, phloem, and stele

50
Q

Conducts water and minerals upwards from roots into the shoots.

A

Xylem

51
Q

Transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed.

A

Phloem

52
Q

Collective term for vascular tissue of a root or stem (arrangement varies).

A

Stele

53
Q

Includes specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis, and support.

A

Ground tissue system

54
Q

Internal to vascular tissue.

A

Pith

55
Q

External to vascular tissue.

A

Cortex

56
Q

Leaves, stems, and roots contain _____ tissue systems.

A

3 (Dermal, vascular, and ground)

57
Q

The dermal tissue system of the leaf contains:

A

Guard cells. Upper and lower epidermis, and epidermal cells

58
Q

The vascular tissue system of the leaf contains:

A

Xylem, phloem, and a vein

59
Q

The ground tissue system of the leaf contains:

A

Bundle sheath cells, and palisade & spongy mesophyll

60
Q

The dermal tissue system of the stem contains:

A

Epidermis

61
Q

The vascular tissue system of the stem contains:

A

Xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma (fiber cells), and vascular bundle

62
Q

Fiber cells

A

Schlerenchyma

63
Q

The ground tissue system of the stem contains:

A

Cortex, pith, and the ground tissue connecting the pith to the cortex

64
Q

The dermal tissue system of the roots contains:

A

Epidermis

65
Q

The vascular tissue system of the roots contains:

A

Xylem, phloem, vascular cylinder, pericycle, and a core of parenchyma cells

66
Q

The ground tissue system of the roots contains:

A

Cortex and endodermis

67
Q

Plants undergo __________ growth.

A

Indeterminate

68
Q

Plants have perpetually embryonic tissues called:

A

Meristems

69
Q

Primary growth =

A

Length

70
Q

Secondary growth =

A

Girth

71
Q

Apical meristems have __________ growth.

A

Primary

72
Q

Lateral meristems have __________ growth.

A

Secondary

73
Q

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

A

Lateral meristems

74
Q

Tips of roots/shoots, axiliary buds of shoots.

A

Apical meristems

75
Q

Primary growth of roots occurs behind the tip in _____ overlapping zones of cells.

A

3

76
Q

What are the 3 overlapping zones of cells?

A

Zones of cell division, elongation, and differentiation

77
Q

Protects apical meristem; secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates soil.

A

Root cap

78
Q

Root apical meristem and its derivatives.

A

Zone of cell division.

79
Q

Where cells become distinct cell types.

A

Zone of differentiation

80
Q

Where most of the growth occurs as root cells get longer.

A

Zone of elongation

81
Q

Primary growth of shoots occurs at:

A

Apical meristems

82
Q

Shoot apical meristem is a _____-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip.

A

Dome

83
Q

Leaves develop from:

A

Leaf primordia

84
Q

Shoot elongation is due to:

A

Lengthening of internode cells below the shoot tip

85
Q

Secondary growth consists of the tissue produced by the:

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

86
Q

What does vascular cambium do?

A

Adds secondary xylem and phloem

87
Q

Vascular cambium adds secondary xylem (__________) and phloem (__________).

A

Interior, exterior

88
Q

What does cork cambium do?

A

Produces a tough, thick covering

89
Q

As a tree ages, the older layers become:

A

Non-functional

90
Q

Older layers of secondary xylem (non-functional)

A

Heartwood

91
Q

Newer layer if secondary xylem.

A

Sapwood

92
Q

Older secondary phloem is sloughed off as:

A

Size increases

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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