Lecture 27-Plant Anatomy and Growth Flashcards
Plants have a __________ organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells.
Hierarchical
Angiosperms constitute _____% of all plant species.
90%
A group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
Tissue
Several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions.
Organs
3 types of organs in plants.
Roots, stems, and leaves
What are the 2 organ systems in a plant?
Root system and shoot system
What makes up the root system?
Roots
What makes up the shoot system?
Stems and leaves
What do roots do?
Provide anchor, absorb minerals and water, and store carbohydrates
One main vertical root, giving rise to the lateral roots.
Taproot system
Branch roots.
Lateral roots
The taproot system is for:
Support
Epithelial projections that are short-lived, constantly replaced, thin, tubular extension of root epidermal cells.
Root hairs
Root hairs are for:
Absorption
Root hairs provide this to maximize water absorption.
A large surface area
Some species have evolved storage roots for storing:
Food and water
Examples of species that have evolved storage roots for storing food or water:
Carrots, beets, and turnips
__________ __________ are roots above ground.
Aerial roots
An example of aerial roots are __________ __________. These support and gather nutrients.
Buttress roots
An example of aerial roots are __________. These are for oxygen absorption in “water logged” habitats.
Pneumatophores
Stems consist if an alternating system of __________ and __________.
Nodes, internodes
Stems conduct __________ and __________ and provide __________ __________.
Fluids, gases, structural support
Where leaves are attached.
Nodes
Segments between nodes.
Internodes
Forms lateral shoot (i.e. branch).
Auxiliary bed
Causes elongation of young shoot.
Apical bud
There are many __________ of stems and also leaves in plants.
Modifications
A modification of the stem found in roses is:
Thorns
A modification of the stem found in potatoes and used as an underground storage stem.
Tubers
A modification of the stem found in ginger and used as an underground stem.
Rhizomes
A modification of the stem found in strawberries and used as a horizontal stem.
Stolon
The leaf is the main site for __________ and __________ __________.
Photosynthesis, gas exchange
A modification of leaves found in aloe plants that store water and food.
Succulent leaf
A modification of leaves found in bougainvillea that attract pollinators.
Bract (leaves in these are bright)
A modification of leaves found in cacti that are used for protection.
Spines
There are _____ tissue system in each plant organ.
3
The __________ __________ is a functional unit connecting all of the plant’s organs.
Tissue system
What are the 3 tissue systems in each plant organ?
Dermal, vascular, and ground
Outer protective covering.
Dermal tissue system
In nonwoody plants and young plants, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:
Epidermis
In leaves and stems the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:
Cuticle
In woody plants the outer protective covering (dermal) is the:
Periderm
In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the epidermis.
Nonwoody plants and young plants
In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the cuticle.
Leaves and stems
In these, the outer protective covering (dermal) is the periderm.
Woody plants
A waxy coating that prevents water loss.
Cuticle
Protective tissue that replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.
Periderm
A layer of tightly packed cells.
Epidermis
Long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.
Vascular tissue system
What are the 3 components of the vascular tissue system?
Xylem, phloem, and stele
Conducts water and minerals upwards from roots into the shoots.
Xylem
Transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed.
Phloem
Collective term for vascular tissue of a root or stem (arrangement varies).
Stele
Includes specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis, and support.
Ground tissue system
Internal to vascular tissue.
Pith
External to vascular tissue.
Cortex
Leaves, stems, and roots contain _____ tissue systems.
3 (Dermal, vascular, and ground)
The dermal tissue system of the leaf contains:
Guard cells. Upper and lower epidermis, and epidermal cells
The vascular tissue system of the leaf contains:
Xylem, phloem, and a vein
The ground tissue system of the leaf contains:
Bundle sheath cells, and palisade & spongy mesophyll
The dermal tissue system of the stem contains:
Epidermis
The vascular tissue system of the stem contains:
Xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma (fiber cells), and vascular bundle
Fiber cells
Schlerenchyma
The ground tissue system of the stem contains:
Cortex, pith, and the ground tissue connecting the pith to the cortex
The dermal tissue system of the roots contains:
Epidermis
The vascular tissue system of the roots contains:
Xylem, phloem, vascular cylinder, pericycle, and a core of parenchyma cells
The ground tissue system of the roots contains:
Cortex and endodermis
Plants undergo __________ growth.
Indeterminate
Plants have perpetually embryonic tissues called:
Meristems
Primary growth =
Length
Secondary growth =
Girth
Apical meristems have __________ growth.
Primary
Lateral meristems have __________ growth.
Secondary
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
Lateral meristems
Tips of roots/shoots, axiliary buds of shoots.
Apical meristems
Primary growth of roots occurs behind the tip in _____ overlapping zones of cells.
3
What are the 3 overlapping zones of cells?
Zones of cell division, elongation, and differentiation
Protects apical meristem; secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates soil.
Root cap
Root apical meristem and its derivatives.
Zone of cell division.
Where cells become distinct cell types.
Zone of differentiation
Where most of the growth occurs as root cells get longer.
Zone of elongation
Primary growth of shoots occurs at:
Apical meristems
Shoot apical meristem is a _____-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip.
Dome
Leaves develop from:
Leaf primordia
Shoot elongation is due to:
Lengthening of internode cells below the shoot tip
Secondary growth consists of the tissue produced by the:
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
What does vascular cambium do?
Adds secondary xylem and phloem
Vascular cambium adds secondary xylem (__________) and phloem (__________).
Interior, exterior
What does cork cambium do?
Produces a tough, thick covering
As a tree ages, the older layers become:
Non-functional
Older layers of secondary xylem (non-functional)
Heartwood
Newer layer if secondary xylem.
Sapwood
Older secondary phloem is sloughed off as:
Size increases
