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Biology 2 > Lecture 13-Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Lecture 13-Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Derived trait #1 of animals:

A

They are multicellular ingesting heterotrophs

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2
Q

Derived trait #2 of animals:

A

They have unique tissues, such as muscle and nervous tissue

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3
Q

Derived trait #3 of animals:

A

Lack cell walls

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4
Q

Derived trait #4 of animals:

A

Intercellular junctions

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5
Q

Animal cell support is provided by __________ __________ and __________.

A

Extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Extracellular matrices are made up of:

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton is composed of __________ and __________.

A

Microtubules and microfilaments

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8
Q

The 3 types of intercellular junctions are:

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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9
Q

“Suture junctions”

A

Tight junctions

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10
Q

“Anchoring junctions”

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

“Communicating junctions”

A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

__________ __________ are protein binding of neighboring plasma membranes; water tight.

A

Tight junctions

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13
Q

These help the fluids stay in your body.

A

Tight junctions

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14
Q

__________ and strong, rivet-like proteins that connect tissues into strong sheets (e.g. muscles).

A

Desmosomes

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15
Q

__________ __________ provide a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged.

A

Gap junctions

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16
Q

These are important in keeping your heart beating.

A

Gap junctions

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17
Q

These do NOT really offer structural support.

A

Gap junctions

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18
Q

__________ are the closest protist relatives of the animal.

A

Choanoflagellates

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19
Q

__________ __________ are found only in animals and choanoflagellates.

A

Collar cells

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20
Q

Animals and choanoflagellates have _____ __________ similarity.

A

DNA sequence

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21
Q

Choanoflagellates and animals have a near __________ morphology with what?

A

Identical, sponge collar cells

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22
Q

In the late Proterozoic eon was the __________ period.

A

Ediacaran

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23
Q

What happened in the Ediacaran period? When was this?

A

The first good animal fossils came about, 575 MYA

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24
Q

What developed in the late Proterozoic eon?

A

Basic body plans

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25
Q

The first macroscopic animal fossils formed:

A

575 MYA

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26
Q

The Ediacaran period was just prior to what?

A

The Cambrian explosion

27
Q

When was the Cambrian explosion?

A

550 MYA

28
Q

The Cambrain explosion caused rapid __________ in animal order.

A

Increase

29
Q

During the Cambrian explosion, what was established?

A

Major phyla

30
Q

Diversification due to the Cambrian was likely caused by:

A

An increase in oxygen, diversifying selection, and Hox gene duplications

31
Q

__________ __________ provides more ATP per unit of glucose.

A

Aerobic metabolism

32
Q

Most animal phyla appear during what?

A

The Cambrian explosion

33
Q

Novel niche exploitation and predator prey dynamics are both due to what?

A

Diversifying selection

34
Q

The Cambrian explosion caused __________ diversity.

A

Animal

35
Q

_____% of animals are insects.

A

75%

36
Q

_____% of animals are beetles.

A

35%

37
Q

_____% of animals are vertebrates.

A

5%

38
Q

_____% are mammals.

A

<0.001%

39
Q

The life cycle of an animal does NOT include what?

A

Alternation of generations

40
Q

In animals, the __________ stage dominates life cycle.

A

Diploid

41
Q

Animals reproduce mostly through:

A

Sexual reproduction

42
Q

Animals have __________ sperm.

A

Flagellated

43
Q

Animals have __________, __________ eggs.

A

Large, non-motile

44
Q

An animal zygote undergoes __________ and turns into a __________.

A

Cleavage, blastula

45
Q

A __________ resembles a hollow ball.

A

Blastula

46
Q

Blastulas undergo __________ and turn into __________.

A

Gastrulation, gastrulas

47
Q

A gastrula has defined __________ and __________.

A

Endoderm, ectoderm

48
Q

The lining of gastrula is the:

A

Endoderm

49
Q

Exterior cells of the gastrula:

A

Ectoderm

50
Q

These master regulatory genes that dictate developing body plan.

A

Hox genes

51
Q

Hox genes are what?

A

Evolutionarily conserved

52
Q

Being __________ __________ means having a strong selection against modification, causing these genes to be similar across different animals.

A

Evolutionarily conserved

53
Q

In Hox genes, there is linear correlation between __________ __________ and __________ __________. This is odd!

A

Body axis, chromosomal position

54
Q

__________ mutations can lead to __________ changes.

A

Small, big

55
Q

__________ __________ allow greater anatomical complexity.

A

Gene duplications

56
Q

In protostomes, cleavage is _________.

A

Spiral

57
Q

In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________.

A

Radial

58
Q

In protostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells are determined.

A

Determinate

59
Q

In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells in undetermined.

A

Indeterminate

60
Q

Spiral cleavage = cells __________.

A

Offset

61
Q

Radial cleavage = cells __________.

A

Linear

62
Q

In protostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.

A

Mesoderm split

63
Q

In deuterostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.

A

Archenteron out-pockets

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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