Lecture 13-Animal Diversity

Question 1

Derived trait #1 of animals:

Answer 1

They are multicellular ingesting heterotrophs

Question 2

Derived trait #2 of animals:

Answer 2

They have unique tissues, such as muscle and nervous tissue

Question 3

Derived trait #3 of animals:

Answer 3

Lack cell walls

Question 4

Derived trait #4 of animals:

Answer 4

Intercellular junctions

Question 5

Animal cell support is provided by __________ __________ and __________.

Answer 5

Extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton

Question 6

Extracellular matrices are made up of:

Answer 6

Collagen and proteoglycans

Question 7

Cytoskeleton is composed of __________ and __________.

Answer 7

Microtubules and microfilaments

Question 8

The 3 types of intercellular junctions are:

Answer 8

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

Question 9

“Suture junctions”

Answer 9

Tight junctions

Question 10

“Anchoring junctions”

Answer 10

Desmosomes

Question 11

“Communicating junctions”

Answer 11

Gap junctions

Question 12

__________ __________ are protein binding of neighboring plasma membranes; water tight.

Answer 12

Tight junctions

Question 13

These help the fluids stay in your body.

Answer 13

Tight junctions

Question 14

__________ and strong, rivet-like proteins that connect tissues into strong sheets (e.g. muscles).

Answer 14

Desmosomes

Question 15

__________ __________ provide a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged.

Answer 15

Gap junctions

Question 16

These are important in keeping your heart beating.

Answer 16

Gap junctions

Question 17

These do NOT really offer structural support.

Answer 17

Gap junctions

Question 18

__________ are the closest protist relatives of the animal.

Answer 18

Choanoflagellates

Question 19

__________ __________ are found only in animals and choanoflagellates.

Answer 19

Collar cells

Question 20

Animals and choanoflagellates have _____ __________ similarity.

Answer 20

DNA sequence

Question 21

Choanoflagellates and animals have a near __________ morphology with what?

Answer 21

Identical, sponge collar cells

Question 22

In the late Proterozoic eon was the __________ period.

Answer 22

Ediacaran

Question 23

What happened in the Ediacaran period? When was this?

Answer 23

The first good animal fossils came about, 575 MYA

Question 24

What developed in the late Proterozoic eon?

Answer 24

Basic body plans

Question 25

The first macroscopic animal fossils formed:

Answer 25

575 MYA

Question 26

The Ediacaran period was just prior to what?

Answer 26

The Cambrian explosion

Question 27

When was the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 27

550 MYA

Question 28

The Cambrain explosion caused rapid __________ in animal order.

Answer 28

Increase

Question 29

During the Cambrian explosion, what was established?

Answer 29

Major phyla

Question 30

Diversification due to the Cambrian was likely caused by:

Answer 30

An increase in oxygen, diversifying selection, and Hox gene duplications

Question 31

__________ __________ provides more ATP per unit of glucose.

Answer 31

Aerobic metabolism

Question 32

Most animal phyla appear during what?

Answer 32

The Cambrian explosion

Question 33

Novel niche exploitation and predator prey dynamics are both due to what?

Answer 33

Diversifying selection

Question 34

The Cambrian explosion caused __________ diversity.

Answer 34

Animal

Question 35

_____% of animals are insects.

Answer 35

75%

Question 36

_____% of animals are beetles.

Answer 36

35%

Question 37

_____% of animals are vertebrates.

Answer 37

5%

Question 38

_____% are mammals.

Answer 38

<0.001%

Question 39

The life cycle of an animal does NOT include what?

Answer 39

Alternation of generations

Question 40

In animals, the __________ stage dominates life cycle.

Answer 40

Diploid

Question 41

Animals reproduce mostly through:

Answer 41

Sexual reproduction

Question 42

Animals have __________ sperm.

Answer 42

Flagellated

Question 43

Animals have __________, __________ eggs.

Answer 43

Large, non-motile

Question 44

An animal zygote undergoes __________ and turns into a __________.

Answer 44

Cleavage, blastula

Question 45

A __________ resembles a hollow ball.

Answer 45

Blastula

Question 46

Blastulas undergo __________ and turn into __________.

Answer 46

Gastrulation, gastrulas

Question 47

A gastrula has defined __________ and __________.

Answer 47

Endoderm, ectoderm

Question 48

The lining of gastrula is the:

Answer 48

Endoderm

Question 49

Exterior cells of the gastrula:

Answer 49

Ectoderm

Question 50

These master regulatory genes that dictate developing body plan.

Answer 50

Hox genes

Question 51

Hox genes are what?

Answer 51

Evolutionarily conserved

Question 52

Being __________ __________ means having a strong selection against modification, causing these genes to be similar across different animals.

Answer 52

Evolutionarily conserved

Question 53

In Hox genes, there is linear correlation between __________ __________ and __________ __________. This is odd!

Answer 53

Body axis, chromosomal position

Question 54

__________ mutations can lead to __________ changes.

Answer 54

Small, big

Question 55

__________ __________ allow greater anatomical complexity.

Answer 55

Gene duplications

Question 56

In protostomes, cleavage is _________.

Answer 56

Spiral

Question 57

In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________.

Answer 57

Radial

Question 58

In protostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells are determined.

Answer 58

Determinate

Question 59

In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells in undetermined.

Answer 59

Indeterminate

Question 60

Spiral cleavage = cells __________.

Answer 60

Offset

Question 61

Radial cleavage = cells __________.

Answer 61

Linear

Question 62

In protostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.

Answer 62

Mesoderm split

Question 63

In deuterostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.

Answer 63

Archenteron out-pockets