Lecture 13-Animal Diversity Flashcards
Derived trait #1 of animals:
They are multicellular ingesting heterotrophs
Derived trait #2 of animals:
They have unique tissues, such as muscle and nervous tissue
Derived trait #3 of animals:
Lack cell walls
Derived trait #4 of animals:
Intercellular junctions
Animal cell support is provided by __________ __________ and __________.
Extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton
Extracellular matrices are made up of:
Collagen and proteoglycans
Cytoskeleton is composed of __________ and __________.
Microtubules and microfilaments
The 3 types of intercellular junctions are:
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
“Suture junctions”
Tight junctions
“Anchoring junctions”
Desmosomes
“Communicating junctions”
Gap junctions
__________ __________ are protein binding of neighboring plasma membranes; water tight.
Tight junctions
These help the fluids stay in your body.
Tight junctions
__________ and strong, rivet-like proteins that connect tissues into strong sheets (e.g. muscles).
Desmosomes
__________ __________ provide a pore through which cellular products can be exchanged.
Gap junctions
These are important in keeping your heart beating.
Gap junctions
These do NOT really offer structural support.
Gap junctions
__________ are the closest protist relatives of the animal.
Choanoflagellates
__________ __________ are found only in animals and choanoflagellates.
Collar cells
Animals and choanoflagellates have _____ __________ similarity.
DNA sequence
Choanoflagellates and animals have a near __________ morphology with what?
Identical, sponge collar cells
In the late Proterozoic eon was the __________ period.
Ediacaran
What happened in the Ediacaran period? When was this?
The first good animal fossils came about, 575 MYA
What developed in the late Proterozoic eon?
Basic body plans
The first macroscopic animal fossils formed:
575 MYA
The Ediacaran period was just prior to what?
The Cambrian explosion
When was the Cambrian explosion?
550 MYA
The Cambrain explosion caused rapid __________ in animal order.
Increase
During the Cambrian explosion, what was established?
Major phyla
Diversification due to the Cambrian was likely caused by:
An increase in oxygen, diversifying selection, and Hox gene duplications
__________ __________ provides more ATP per unit of glucose.
Aerobic metabolism
Most animal phyla appear during what?
The Cambrian explosion
Novel niche exploitation and predator prey dynamics are both due to what?
Diversifying selection
The Cambrian explosion caused __________ diversity.
Animal
_____% of animals are insects.
75%
_____% of animals are beetles.
35%
_____% of animals are vertebrates.
5%
_____% are mammals.
<0.001%
The life cycle of an animal does NOT include what?
Alternation of generations
In animals, the __________ stage dominates life cycle.
Diploid
Animals reproduce mostly through:
Sexual reproduction
Animals have __________ sperm.
Flagellated
Animals have __________, __________ eggs.
Large, non-motile
An animal zygote undergoes __________ and turns into a __________.
Cleavage, blastula
A __________ resembles a hollow ball.
Blastula
Blastulas undergo __________ and turn into __________.
Gastrulation, gastrulas
A gastrula has defined __________ and __________.
Endoderm, ectoderm
The lining of gastrula is the:
Endoderm
Exterior cells of the gastrula:
Ectoderm
These master regulatory genes that dictate developing body plan.
Hox genes
Hox genes are what?
Evolutionarily conserved
Being __________ __________ means having a strong selection against modification, causing these genes to be similar across different animals.
Evolutionarily conserved
In Hox genes, there is linear correlation between __________ __________ and __________ __________. This is odd!
Body axis, chromosomal position
__________ mutations can lead to __________ changes.
Small, big
__________ __________ allow greater anatomical complexity.
Gene duplications
In protostomes, cleavage is _________.
Spiral
In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________.
Radial
In protostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells are determined.
Determinate
In deuterostomes, cleavage is __________, which means the fate of early cells in undetermined.
Indeterminate
Spiral cleavage = cells __________.
Offset
Radial cleavage = cells __________.
Linear
In protostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.
Mesoderm split
In deuterostomes, coelom forms from __________ __________.
Archenteron out-pockets