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Biology 2 > Lecture 30-Ecology > Flashcards

Lecture 30-Ecology Flashcards

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0
Q

Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between __________ and __________.

A

Organisms, environment

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1
Q

Ecology = (__________ + __________).

A

Oikos + logos

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2
Q

How many subdisciplines are there within ecology?

A

6

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3
Q

What are the 6 subdisciplines within ecology?

A

Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global ecology

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4
Q

Organism all ecology is made up of:

A

Organisms and their environments

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5
Q

Population ecology is made up of:

A

Populations and their environments

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6
Q

Community ecology is made up of:

A

Biotic interactions between species

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7
Q

Ecosystem ecology is made up of:

A

Energy flow and chemical cycling

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8
Q

Landscape ecology is made up of:

A

Interactions among ecosystems

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9
Q

Global ecology is made up of:

A

Biosphere

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10
Q

An organism’s environment is determined by both __________ and __________ factors.

A

Abiotic, biotic

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11
Q

Abiotic =

A

Nonliving

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12
Q

Biotic =

A

Living

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13
Q

Examples of abiotic factors are:

A

Physical, chemical, and geological factors

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14
Q

Examples of biotic factors are:

A

Prey, competitors, and predators

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15
Q

Interactions determines __________ and __________ of organisms.

A

Distribution, abundance

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16
Q

__________ determines distribution and abundance of organisms.

A

Interaction

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17
Q

A long-term, prevailing weather condition in a particular area.

A

Climate

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18
Q

The main components of climate are:

A

Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind

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19
Q

Climate at a global, regional, or local level.

A

Macroclimate

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20
Q

Climate that shows very fine patterns (e.g. fallen logs)

A

Microclimate

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21
Q

Incidence of __________ __________ drives global climate.

A

Solar radiation

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22
Q

Incidence of solar radiation does what?

A

Drives global climate

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23
Q

There is __________ __________ in sunlight intensity.

A

Latitudinal variation

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24
Q

There is latitudinal variation in:

A

Sunlight intensity

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25
Q

Why does the intensity of solar radiation vary seasonally?

A

Because Earth is tilted on its axis relative to its plane of orbit around the sun

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26
Q

Intense solar radiation near the equator initiatives a global pattern of __________ __________ and __________.

A

Air circulation, precipitation

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27
Q

30 degrees N and 30 degrees S have __________ climates.

A

Arid

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28
Q

_____ degrees _____ and _____ degrees _____ have arid climates, often associated with desert.

A

30N, 30S

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29
Q

What can affect local climate?

A

Bodies of water, mountains, and changing angle of the sun

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30
Q

Why do oceans and lakes tend to moderate the climate of nearby land?

A

Because of the high specific heat of water

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31
Q

Because of the high specific heat of water, oceans and lakes tend to do what?

A

Moderate the climate of nearby land

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32
Q

Small organisms are affected by what kind if climate?

A

Microclimate (small-scale climate)

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33
Q

Some examples of microclimate are:

A

Shade, evaporation, and a change in wind pattern

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34
Q

__________ are major terrestrial or aquatic life zones.

A

Biomes

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35
Q

Terrestrial biomes are characterized by what?

A

Vegetation

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36
Q

__________ biomes are characterized by vegetation.

A

Terrestrial

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37
Q

What do terrestrial biomes show?

A

Strong latitudinal patterns

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38
Q

__________ and __________ characterize terrestrial biomes.

A

Temperature, precipitation

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39
Q

Distribution of the tropical forest?

A

Equatorial and subequatorial regions

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40
Q

Tropical forests have _____ precipitation.

A

High

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41
Q

Tropical forests have _____ temperature.

A

High

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42
Q

Tropical forests have _____ biodiversity.

A

High

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43
Q

Distribution of the savanna?

A

Equatorial and subequatorial regions

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44
Q

Savannas have what type of precipitation?

A

Seasonal rainfall

45
Q

Savannas have _____ temperature.

A

Warm

46
Q

Other attributes of the savanna?

A

Grasses and small, non-woody plants, scattered trees, and large herbivores

47
Q

Distribution of the desert?

A

Bands near 30 degrees N and S latitude

48
Q

Deserts have _____ precipitation.

A

Low

49
Q

Deserts have _____ temperature.

A

Variable

50
Q

Other attributes of the desert?

A

Plants are adapted for dry environments

51
Q

Distribution of the chaparral?

A

Midaltitude coastal regions

52
Q

In Spain and Chile, the chaparral is referred to as a:

A

Matorral

53
Q

In France, the chaparral is referred to as a:

A

Maquis

54
Q

In South Africa, the chaparral is referred to as a:

A

Fynbos

55
Q

Chaparrals have _____ precipitation.

A

Seasonal

56
Q

Chaparrals have _____ summers and the rest if the year is _____.

A

Hot, cool

57
Q

Other attributes of the chaparral?

A

Shrubs and small trees, high plant diversity, and high diversity of small mammals

58
Q

Distribution of temperate grasslands?

A

Temperate regions

59
Q

Temperate grasslands in North America:

A

Great Plains

60
Q

Temperate grasslands in South Africa:

A

Veldts

61
Q

Temperate grasslands in Argentina:

A

Pampas

62
Q

Temperate grasslands in Russia:

A

Steppes

63
Q

Temperate grasslands have __________ precipitation.

A

Seasonal

64
Q

Temperate grasslands have _____ summers and _____ winters.

A

Hot, cold

65
Q

Other attributes of temperate grasslands?

A

Grasses and forbs, large grazers, suitable for agriculture

66
Q

Distribution of Northern coniferous forests?

A

Northern North America and Eurasia

67
Q

Another word for a Northern coniferous forest?

A

Taiga

68
Q

Precipitation of Northern coniferous forests?

A

Annual precipitation from 30-70cm

69
Q

Temperature in Northern coniferous forest?

A

Long and cold winters

70
Q

Other attributes of Northern coniferous forest?

A

Conifers, migratory birds, moose, and brown bears

71
Q

Distribution of Temperate Broadleaf Forests?

A

Midaltitudes in Northern Hemisphere, New Zealand, and Australia

72
Q

Precipitation for Temperate Broadleaf Forest?

A

70-200 cm/year

73
Q

Temperature in Temperate Broadleaf Forests?

A

Four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid.

74
Q

Other attributes of Temperate Broadleaf Forest?

A

Deciduous trees; vertical layers within in forest

75
Q

Distribution of the Tundra?

A

Expansive areas of the Arctic

76
Q

Precipitation in Tundras?

A

20-60 cm/year

77
Q

Temperature in Tundras?

A

Long and cold winter, short and chilly summer

78
Q

Other attributes of the Tundra?

A

Permafrost, caribou, and reindeer

79
Q

Aquatic biomes are characterized by:

A

Physical environment

80
Q

Many aquatic biomes are physically and chemically:

A

Stratified (layered)

81
Q

Based on light penetration : __________ vs. __________.

A

Photic vs. aphotic

82
Q

Based on distance from shore and water depth: __________ vs. __________ (freshwater), __________ vs. __________ vs. __________ (marine).

A

Littoral vs. limnetic (freshwater); Intertidal vs. neritic vs. oceanic (marine)

83
Q

Based on environment: __________ vs. __________ (freshwater), __________ vs. __________ vs. __________ (marine).

A

Pelagic vs. benthic; pelagic vs. benthic vs. abyssal (marine)

84
Q

20% of Earth’s land surface?

A

Tundras

85
Q

Largest terrestrial biomes?

A

Northern Coniferous Forests

86
Q

Nutrient content in lakes:

A

Vary greatly

87
Q

Inundated by water periodically.

A

Wetlands

88
Q

Wetlands have a high capacity to:

A

Filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants

89
Q

Other attributes of wetlands?

A

Support plants adapted to water-saturated soil

90
Q

A transition area between river and sea.

A

Estuary

91
Q

Physical characteristic of a lake?

A

It’s a standing body of water

92
Q

One of the most productive biomes?

A

Wetlands

93
Q

Physical characteristic of streams and rivers?

A

Current

94
Q

Streams and rivers have __________ rich in __________.

A

Headwaters, oxygen

95
Q

In estuaries, salinity __________.

A

Varies

96
Q

Other attributes of streams and rivers?

A

Great diversity of fish and invertebrates

97
Q

Other attributes of estuaries?

A

Saltmarsh grasses, algae, oysters, crabs, and many fish

98
Q

__________ __________ are periodically submerged and exposed by the tides.

A

Intertidal zones

99
Q

Intertidal zones are high in?

A

Oxygen and nutrient levels

100
Q

Other attributes of intertidal zones?

A

High diversity and biomass of marine algae. Animals are adapted for attaching to hard substrate.

101
Q

Oceanic pelagic zone is _____% of Earth’s surface.

A

70%

102
Q

The oceanic pelagic zone is _____ in oxygen and _____ in nutrient concentration.

A

High, low

103
Q

Other attributes of the oceanic pelagic zone?

A

Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and many free-swimming animals

104
Q

Coral reefs are sensitive to:

A

Temperature

105
Q

What are coral reefs formed from?

A

Calcium carbonate skeletons of corals

106
Q

Coral reefs require:

A

High oxygen level

107
Q

Coral reefs have high:

A

Species diversity

108
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of the marine benthic zone.

A

Sea floor below surface waters. Cold. High water pressure.

109
Q

Marine benthic zones have __________ oxygen.

A

Sufficient

110
Q

Other attributes of the marine benthic zone?

A

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents support chemoautotrophs

Biology 2 (32 decks)

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