Lecture 30-Ecology Flashcards
0
Q
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between __________ and __________.
A
Organisms, environment
1
Q
Ecology = (__________ + __________).
A
Oikos + logos
2
Q
How many subdisciplines are there within ecology?
A
6
3
Q
What are the 6 subdisciplines within ecology?
A
Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global ecology
4
Q
Organism all ecology is made up of:
A
Organisms and their environments
5
Q
Population ecology is made up of:
A
Populations and their environments
6
Q
Community ecology is made up of:
A
Biotic interactions between species
7
Q
Ecosystem ecology is made up of:
A
Energy flow and chemical cycling
8
Q
Landscape ecology is made up of:
A
Interactions among ecosystems
9
Q
Global ecology is made up of:
A
Biosphere
10
Q
An organism’s environment is determined by both __________ and __________ factors.
A
Abiotic, biotic
11
Q
Abiotic =
A
Nonliving
12
Q
Biotic =
A
Living
13
Q
Examples of abiotic factors are:
A
Physical, chemical, and geological factors
14
Q
Examples of biotic factors are:
A
Prey, competitors, and predators
15
Q
Interactions determines __________ and __________ of organisms.
A
Distribution, abundance
16
Q
__________ determines distribution and abundance of organisms.
A
Interaction
17
Q
A long-term, prevailing weather condition in a particular area.
A
Climate
18
Q
The main components of climate are:
A
Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind
19
Q
Climate at a global, regional, or local level.
A
Macroclimate
20
Q
Climate that shows very fine patterns (e.g. fallen logs)
A
Microclimate
21
Q
Incidence of __________ __________ drives global climate.
A
Solar radiation
22
Q
Incidence of solar radiation does what?
A
Drives global climate
23
Q
There is __________ __________ in sunlight intensity.
A
Latitudinal variation
24
There is latitudinal variation in:
Sunlight intensity
25
Why does the intensity of solar radiation vary seasonally?
Because Earth is tilted on its axis relative to its plane of orbit around the sun
26
Intense solar radiation near the equator initiatives a global pattern of __________ __________ and __________.
Air circulation, precipitation
27
30 degrees N and 30 degrees S have __________ climates.
Arid
28
_____ degrees _____ and _____ degrees _____ have arid climates, often associated with desert.
30N, 30S
29
What can affect local climate?
Bodies of water, mountains, and changing angle of the sun
30
Why do oceans and lakes tend to moderate the climate of nearby land?
Because of the high specific heat of water
31
Because of the high specific heat of water, oceans and lakes tend to do what?
Moderate the climate of nearby land
32
Small organisms are affected by what kind if climate?
Microclimate (small-scale climate)
33
Some examples of microclimate are:
Shade, evaporation, and a change in wind pattern
34
__________ are major terrestrial or aquatic life zones.
Biomes
35
Terrestrial biomes are characterized by what?
Vegetation
36
__________ biomes are characterized by vegetation.
Terrestrial
37
What do terrestrial biomes show?
Strong latitudinal patterns
38
__________ and __________ characterize terrestrial biomes.
Temperature, precipitation
39
Distribution of the tropical forest?
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
40
Tropical forests have _____ precipitation.
High
41
Tropical forests have _____ temperature.
High
42
Tropical forests have _____ biodiversity.
High
43
Distribution of the savanna?
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
44
Savannas have what type of precipitation?
Seasonal rainfall
45
Savannas have _____ temperature.
Warm
46
Other attributes of the savanna?
Grasses and small, non-woody plants, scattered trees, and large herbivores
47
Distribution of the desert?
Bands near 30 degrees N and S latitude
48
Deserts have _____ precipitation.
Low
49
Deserts have _____ temperature.
Variable
50
Other attributes of the desert?
Plants are adapted for dry environments
51
Distribution of the chaparral?
Midaltitude coastal regions
52
In Spain and Chile, the chaparral is referred to as a:
Matorral
53
In France, the chaparral is referred to as a:
Maquis
54
In South Africa, the chaparral is referred to as a:
Fynbos
55
Chaparrals have _____ precipitation.
Seasonal
56
Chaparrals have _____ summers and the rest if the year is _____.
Hot, cool
57
Other attributes of the chaparral?
Shrubs and small trees, high plant diversity, and high diversity of small mammals
58
Distribution of temperate grasslands?
Temperate regions
59
Temperate grasslands in North America:
Great Plains
60
Temperate grasslands in South Africa:
Veldts
61
Temperate grasslands in Argentina:
Pampas
62
Temperate grasslands in Russia:
Steppes
63
Temperate grasslands have __________ precipitation.
Seasonal
64
Temperate grasslands have _____ summers and _____ winters.
Hot, cold
65
Other attributes of temperate grasslands?
Grasses and forbs, large grazers, suitable for agriculture
66
Distribution of Northern coniferous forests?
Northern North America and Eurasia
67
Another word for a Northern coniferous forest?
Taiga
68
Precipitation of Northern coniferous forests?
Annual precipitation from 30-70cm
69
Temperature in Northern coniferous forest?
Long and cold winters
70
Other attributes of Northern coniferous forest?
Conifers, migratory birds, moose, and brown bears
71
Distribution of Temperate Broadleaf Forests?
Midaltitudes in Northern Hemisphere, New Zealand, and Australia
72
Precipitation for Temperate Broadleaf Forest?
70-200 cm/year
73
Temperature in Temperate Broadleaf Forests?
Four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid.
74
Other attributes of Temperate Broadleaf Forest?
Deciduous trees; vertical layers within in forest
75
Distribution of the Tundra?
Expansive areas of the Arctic
76
Precipitation in Tundras?
20-60 cm/year
77
Temperature in Tundras?
Long and cold winter, short and chilly summer
78
Other attributes of the Tundra?
Permafrost, caribou, and reindeer
79
Aquatic biomes are characterized by:
Physical environment
80
Many aquatic biomes are physically and chemically:
Stratified (layered)
81
Based on light penetration : __________ vs. __________.
Photic vs. aphotic
82
Based on distance from shore and water depth: __________ vs. __________ (freshwater), __________ vs. __________ vs. __________ (marine).
Littoral vs. limnetic (freshwater); Intertidal vs. neritic vs. oceanic (marine)
83
Based on environment: __________ vs. __________ (freshwater), __________ vs. __________ vs. __________ (marine).
Pelagic vs. benthic; pelagic vs. benthic vs. abyssal (marine)
84
20% of Earth's land surface?
Tundras
85
Largest terrestrial biomes?
Northern Coniferous Forests
86
Nutrient content in lakes:
Vary greatly
87
Inundated by water periodically.
Wetlands
88
Wetlands have a high capacity to:
Filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
89
Other attributes of wetlands?
Support plants adapted to water-saturated soil
90
A transition area between river and sea.
Estuary
91
Physical characteristic of a lake?
It's a standing body of water
92
One of the most productive biomes?
Wetlands
93
Physical characteristic of streams and rivers?
Current
94
Streams and rivers have __________ rich in __________.
Headwaters, oxygen
95
In estuaries, salinity __________.
Varies
96
Other attributes of streams and rivers?
Great diversity of fish and invertebrates
97
Other attributes of estuaries?
Saltmarsh grasses, algae, oysters, crabs, and many fish
98
__________ __________ are periodically submerged and exposed by the tides.
Intertidal zones
99
Intertidal zones are high in?
Oxygen and nutrient levels
100
Other attributes of intertidal zones?
High diversity and biomass of marine algae. Animals are adapted for attaching to hard substrate.
101
Oceanic pelagic zone is _____% of Earth's surface.
70%
102
The oceanic pelagic zone is _____ in oxygen and _____ in nutrient concentration.
High, low
103
Other attributes of the oceanic pelagic zone?
Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and many free-swimming animals
104
Coral reefs are sensitive to:
Temperature
105
What are coral reefs formed from?
Calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
106
Coral reefs require:
High oxygen level
107
Coral reefs have high:
Species diversity
108
Describe the physical characteristics of the marine benthic zone.
Sea floor below surface waters. Cold. High water pressure.
109
Marine benthic zones have __________ oxygen.
Sufficient
110
Other attributes of the marine benthic zone?
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents support chemoautotrophs
