Integumentary Test review Flashcards
myogenic response
When smooth muscles contract in response to being stretched. this contraction isn’t indefinite, but ends after a certain period of time.
Multi-unit smooth muscles
Receive stimulation to contract individually. Found in eye and ciliary muscles, walls of large air passageways, walls of large arteries.
Single unit muscle cells
Contract in unison. Digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts,
origins
fixed attachments of muscle
attachments
movable end of a muscle
agonist
primary muscle responsible for a movement
antagonist
muscle apposing agonist
synergists
muscles that help the agonist
fleshy attachments
direct attachment of muscle to bone
tendinous attachment
attached via tendon
aponeurotic attachment
flat tendinous sheet
where are the keratinocytes produced?
Stratum basal
What cell type is stratum basal
cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells- one layer
where is the stratum basal located?
Bottom layer of epidermis rightly next to dermis
Merkel cells
Tactile cells- light touch- release chemical that stimulates nerve endings
how fast does epidermis regenerate?
25-50 days
Microscope slide appearance
next to all the fingerlike projections of the Demis.
Stratum spinous slide appearance
spike like
has langerhans cells that play a role in immunity
lucidum
light- only in hands and feet
corner
outermost layer of the epidermis- remember cause cornea of the eye is outermost layer of eye
thick
no nucleus visible
thick skin in hands or feat- defining features
lucidum and no sabacious glands
thin skin
sweat glands, oil (sabacious) glands, hair present
what is the dermis made of?
mostly connective tissue- high concentrations of fibroblasts.
two layer of dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
what receptors are in the papillary layer
exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, proprioreceptors.
exteroreceptors
know stimulus from outside
interoreceptors
know stimulus from inside the body
proprioreceptors
internal, focus on tendon, muscle, and ligament movement/stretch
nociceptros
pain receptors
merkel disks
light pressure- stratum basal
root hair plexus
hair movement, found with hair follicles
Meisner’s corpuscles
mechanical pressure, vibration, light pressure, discriminative touch- found in papillae
Kraus’s end bulbs
modified Meisner’s corpuscles- found in mucosae.
pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles
deep pressure and stretch, widespread in skin
Ruffini’s corpuscles
deep pressure, stretch, joints
what is reticular layer of the dermis made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
where are sweat glands found?
reticular layer of the dermis
eccrine (merocrine) glands-
sweat glands that open directly to the surface.
apocrine glands
sweat glands- protein rich white secretions. Mix with oil of sebaceous glands- armpits, nipples, ear canals, eye lids, nostril, perennial region, external genitalia. release stuff into hair follicles
activated around puberty
salacious glands
oil glands- simple, branched
halocrine glands
i.e. oil glands of scalp
how are things secreted from apocrine and merocrine (eccrine) glands?
exocytosis
order of the structure of hair
Pneumonic- Mary could come in or die Medulla Cortex Cuticle Inner root sheath outer root sheath dermal sheath
phases of hair
anogen- hair growth
catagen- cells convert to solid keratinized mass, shaft becomes thinner, moves toward surface.
telogen- new bulb begins to form
exogen- hair is shed
Air can trap eggs
Eumelanin
brown/black melanin
pheomelanin
red/yellow color
lanula
white at base of nail
nail matrix
only at the root of the nail
nail bed
under the whole nail
hyponychium
under the part of the nail that is clipped
sesamoid bones
embedded in tendons
cancellous bone
spongy bone
endosteum
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
short, irregular, flat
no marrow cavity
diploe is internal spongy layer of these bones
osteoprogenitor cells
mesenchymal cells
produce osteoclasts
volcman’s lateral canas
right angles to long axis of bone- connect blood and nerves to periosteum
canaliculae
connect lacunae- allow communication between osteocytes
interstitial growth
bone length growth
happens in lacunae in matrix
appositional growth
increases bone diameter
happens in perichondrium via stem cells
intramembranous ossification
makes flat bones of skull
endochonral ossification
bone formed from hyaline cartilage model
model develops
cartilage calcifies
primary ossification centers form in diaphysis
secondary ossification center from in epiphysis
almost all cartilage replaced
