Exam 4 Review Flashcards
Which branch of the nervous system is motor only?
Autonomic
Which branch of the nervous system has to do with things we are not conscious of?
Autonomic
What is the function of the ANS?
To maintain homeostasis.
How many lower motor neurons extend from the CNS to the muscle fibers in the somatic nervous system?
One
Two main characteristics of somatic motor neurons?
1) Myelinated axons wit large diameters
2) Always release ACh
How many lower motor neurons are used in the ANS?
What are their names and where are they located?
Two lower motor neurons
Preganglionic- cell body in the brainstem or the spinal cord. This cell’s axon exits the CNS from a cranial or spinal nerve. These are myelinated, but have a smaller diameter than somatic motor neurons. Preganglionic ANS neurons always release ACh.
Ganglionic- this cell body lives in the ganglion. Axon extends to effector.
Small in diameter and un-myelinated. Release ACh or Norepinephrine.
What do the brain stem nuclei mediate?
Visceral reflexes.
What are the division of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic.
Where are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?
Cranosacral division!!!
Brainstem or lateral gray matter of S2-S4.
Where are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?
Thorocolumbar division
Lateral horns of T1-L2
Describe the sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons.
Preganglionic- short and branching (more than 20). Myelinated.
Postganglionic- long, but few branches. Unmyelinated
Ganglia- relatively close to the spinal cord.
Performs mass activation when the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic portion of the ANS and epinephrine and norepinephrine are released.
Describe the parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons.
Preganglionic- long, myelinated, less than four branches.
Postganglionic- short, unmyelinated
Ganglion is located close to or within the effector.
Stuff about growth hormone
Causes protein synthesis, cell growth, nutrient release, and differentiation.
Release cause when the hypothalamus releases Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone. This causes the pituitary to release growth hormone.
Inhibited by negative feedback causing the Hypothalamus to release Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone.
Affected by age, time of day, availability of nutrients, stress, and exercise.
Pituitary stuff
Base of brain
Has hormone releasing epithelial cells
Releases trophic hormones
Trophic hormones encourage other glands to secrete hormone…. like FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- which causes egg production and spermatogenesis)- important in growth and reproduction.
Controlled by negative feedback.
Lipid soluble hormones
Non-polar
These require carrier proteins to increase water solubility and allow transport in aqueous blood.
Carrier proteins
made by the liver
I.E. Albumin will carry lots of hormones. Some carriers are more picky.
Steroid hormones
Chicken wire look
Made from cholesterol
Gonads: Estrogen, and testosterone
Adrenal medulla: Cortisol and aldosterone
Where does insulin bind?
To liver cells
Ligands do?
Bind to surface of cells to cause in intracellular response.
What is the withdrawals reflex dependent on?
Nociceptors
Causes the body to move away from pain.
Shingles
nervous system infection connected to the end of nerves. So they might follow horizontal lines of dermatomes.
neve plexuses
What plexus control what parts of the body?
Autonomic reflexes
All responses of the autonomic nervous system are controlled by reflexes.
Hyperactive response to reflex
means someone has damage to the brain or spinal cord.
