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Biology 227 Lecture > Exam 4 Review > Flashcards

Exam 4 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which branch of the nervous system is motor only?

A

Autonomic

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2
Q

Which branch of the nervous system has to do with things we are not conscious of?

A

Autonomic

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3
Q

What is the function of the ANS?

A

To maintain homeostasis.

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4
Q

How many lower motor neurons extend from the CNS to the muscle fibers in the somatic nervous system?

A

One

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5
Q

Two main characteristics of somatic motor neurons?

A

1) Myelinated axons wit large diameters

2) Always release ACh

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6
Q

How many lower motor neurons are used in the ANS?

What are their names and where are they located?

A

Two lower motor neurons
Preganglionic- cell body in the brainstem or the spinal cord. This cell’s axon exits the CNS from a cranial or spinal nerve. These are myelinated, but have a smaller diameter than somatic motor neurons. Preganglionic ANS neurons always release ACh.
Ganglionic- this cell body lives in the ganglion. Axon extends to effector.
Small in diameter and un-myelinated. Release ACh or Norepinephrine.

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7
Q

What do the brain stem nuclei mediate?

A

Visceral reflexes.

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8
Q

What are the division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic.

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9
Q

Where are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

Cranosacral division!!!

Brainstem or lateral gray matter of S2-S4.

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10
Q

Where are the sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

Thorocolumbar division

Lateral horns of T1-L2

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11
Q

Describe the sympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons.

A

Preganglionic- short and branching (more than 20). Myelinated.
Postganglionic- long, but few branches. Unmyelinated
Ganglia- relatively close to the spinal cord.
Performs mass activation when the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic portion of the ANS and epinephrine and norepinephrine are released.

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12
Q

Describe the parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic axons.

A

Preganglionic- long, myelinated, less than four branches.
Postganglionic- short, unmyelinated
Ganglion is located close to or within the effector.

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13
Q

Stuff about growth hormone

A

Causes protein synthesis, cell growth, nutrient release, and differentiation.
Release cause when the hypothalamus releases Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone. This causes the pituitary to release growth hormone.
Inhibited by negative feedback causing the Hypothalamus to release Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone.
Affected by age, time of day, availability of nutrients, stress, and exercise.

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14
Q

Pituitary stuff

A

Base of brain
Has hormone releasing epithelial cells

Releases trophic hormones
Trophic hormones encourage other glands to secrete hormone…. like FSH (follicle stimulating hormone- which causes egg production and spermatogenesis)- important in growth and reproduction.

Controlled by negative feedback.

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15
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Non-polar

These require carrier proteins to increase water solubility and allow transport in aqueous blood.

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16
Q

Carrier proteins

A

made by the liver

I.E. Albumin will carry lots of hormones. Some carriers are more picky.

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17
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Chicken wire look
Made from cholesterol
Gonads: Estrogen, and testosterone
Adrenal medulla: Cortisol and aldosterone

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18
Q

Where does insulin bind?

A

To liver cells

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19
Q

Ligands do?

A

Bind to surface of cells to cause in intracellular response.

20
Q

What is the withdrawals reflex dependent on?

A

Nociceptors

Causes the body to move away from pain.

21
Q

Shingles

A

nervous system infection connected to the end of nerves. So they might follow horizontal lines of dermatomes.

22
Q

neve plexuses

A

What plexus control what parts of the body?

23
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

All responses of the autonomic nervous system are controlled by reflexes.

24
Q

Hyperactive response to reflex

A

means someone has damage to the brain or spinal cord.

25
Q

Hypoactive response to reflex test

A

Damage or gap in spinal cord or issue with the neuromuscular junction

26
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system?

A

In the walls of your gut
Myenteric plexus-regulates enzyme production
Submucousal reflex- stimulates fluid secretion
This controls digestive function

27
Q

Neurotransmitter of the ANS

A

ACh- preganglionic- parasympathetic

Epi and norepi- only post ganglionic- sympathetic

28
Q

nicotinic-

A

always excitatory

29
Q

role of hypothalamus in autonomic and endocrine

A

autonomic- slide 10

endocrine- slide 7

30
Q

autonomic tone

A

slide 32 and pages 666 and 667

31
Q

peregrine action

A

cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid which goes on to effect another cell in close proximity. Prostaglandins are one example.

32
Q

know about secondary messengers

A

slide 9- cell signaling

33
Q

know transcription factor

A

slide 15 of endocrine

34
Q

humoral reflex

A

triggered by nutrient levels in the blood.

35
Q

prostaglandins

A

slide 25

36
Q

know endocrine functions as we age

A

slide 41

37
Q

what is pharmacology based on?

A

Creating synthetic ligand to imitate or inhibit hormones

38
Q

know methods of hormonal release

A

endocrine- slide 19

39
Q

know biogenic amines

A

endocrine- slide 22- look at structure

40
Q

autocrine

A

cell produces hormone to trigger its own receptors.

41
Q

hypothalamus controls hormones of the?

A

anterior pituitary

42
Q

if friend fell and lost feeling in right thigh, what would be effected?

A

lumbar plexus- anterior and medial thigh

sacral plexus- posterior leg and thigh

43
Q

know autonomic reflexes of homeostasis

A

pg 605

44
Q

duel innervation

A

slide 33- ANS

45
Q

duel innervation

A

slide 33- ANS

46
Q

spinal ANS

A

slides 10 and 14 of ANS

Biology 227 Lecture (66 decks)

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