12.1 & 2

Question 1

somatic sensory

Answer 1

Detect stimuli that we consciously perceive. The five senses and proprioreceptors.

Question 2

Proprioreceptors

Answer 2

Detect body position in joints.

Question 3

Visceral senses

Answer 3

Detect things we don’t consciously perceive like composition of blood and stretch of organs.

Question 4

somatic motor

Answer 4

Responsible for movement

Question 5

visceral motor

Answer 5

Responsible for heart rate and breathing.

Question 6

fascicle

Answer 6

bundles of nerve axons.

Question 7

What wraps the fascicle of a nerve?

Answer 7

Perineurium

Question 8

what is nerve endoneurium made of?

Answer 8

Areolar connective tissue.

Question 9

ganglion

Answer 9

collection of cel bodies along the length of a nerve.

Question 10

what are the epi and perineurium made of ?

Answer 10

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 11

mixed nerves

Answer 11

have both sensory and motor neurons.

Question 12

Name the characteristics of nerves

Answer 12

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic

Question 13

Define amitotic

Answer 13

ability for certain neural cells to divide

Question 14

Axon hillock

Answer 14

The very beginning of the axon that starts near the cell body and narrows as it moves outward.

Question 15

Soma

Answer 15

Neural cell body

Question 16

Chromatin and nucleolus

Answer 16

synthesize ribosomes of cell which neurons have lots of

Question 17

Perikaryon

Answer 17

Cytoplasm of neural cells

Question 18

Where are ribosomes located in the neuron?

Answer 18

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum forming a rough ER, or as free ribosomes in the cytosol.

Question 19

Chromatophilic substance

Answer 19

Descriptor for ribosomes- because they love and absorb the colors in dyes so well.

Question 20

Axon hillock and chromatophilic substance relationship

Answer 20

Axon hillock and axon have no chromatophilic substance.

Question 21

Axoplasm

Answer 21

Term for cytoplasm of a neural cell

Question 22

Axolemma

Answer 22

Name for the plasma membrane of a neuron.

Question 23

Axon collaterals

Answer 23

Side branches of an axon

Question 24

Synaptic knobs

Answer 24

The blunged end of axon terminals.

Question 25

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 25

contain neurotransmitters

Question 26

What part of the axon initiates and potentiates action potentials

Answer 26

The axoplasm of the axon

Question 27

What triggers synaptic vesicles to release their action potentials?

Answer 27

Action potentials from that come down the axon through the axoplasm

Question 28

What types of glial cells create axon sheaths?

Answer 28

Neurolemmocytes or oligodendroctyes

Question 29

Neurofibril nodes

Answer 29

The uninsulated parts of the axon between parts of the axon sheaths

Question 30

Neurofilament

Answer 30

Intermediate filament that makes up part of the cytoskeleton of the neuron.

Question 31

What are the things that make up the cytoskeleton of the neuron

Answer 31

neurofilament, microfilament, and microtubules

Question 32

What are the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of the neuron made of ?

Answer 32

Actin

Question 33

Neurofibrils

Answer 33

Neurofilaments that are aggregated together.

Question 34

Where else are microtubules located?

Answer 34

Embedded in parallel clusters alongside the neurofilaments of an axon.

Question 35

What protein is associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 35

Tau

Question 36

What is taus function?

Answer 36

Stabilizes microtubules of the neuron skeleton

Question 37

Anterograde transport

Answer 37

Movement of material from the cell body toward the synaptic knob.

Question 38

Retrograde transport

Answer 38

Movement of material from the synaptic knob to the cell body.

Question 39

Define fast axonal transport

Answer 39

400 mm per day, involves movement along microtubules, moves both anterograde and retrograde

Question 40

kinesin and dynein

Answer 40

specialized motor proteins that break down ATP and facilitate fast axonal transport

Question 41

Define slow axonal transport

Answer 41

.1-3 mm per day. Called axoplasmic flow. Only moves anterograde.

Question 42

What things are moved anterograde via slow axon transport?

Answer 42

Enzymes, cytoskeletal components, and new axoplasm for regenerating axons.

Question 43

What things move anterograde via fast axon transport?

Answer 43

Vesicles, Organelle, and glycoproteins

Question 44

What things are moved retrograde via fast axon transport?

Answer 44

Used vesicles and potentially harmful agents.

Question 45

How are neurons classified structurally?

Answer 45

Number of process emanating directly from the cell body.

Question 46

Multipolar neurons

Answer 46

Multiple processes extending from the cell body. These are all motor neurons and most interneurons

Question 47

Bipolar neurons

Answer 47

two processes extending directly from the body.

I.E. Special sense neurons like the retina of the eye and olfactory neurons

Question 48

Unipolar neurons

Answer 48

one process extending directly from the body.

I.E. Most sensory neurons

Question 49

Anaxonic neurons

Answer 49

process are only dendrites, no axons

I.E. Interneurons

Question 50

All motor neurons have what kind of polarity?

Answer 50

Multipolar

Question 51

What percent of our neurons are interneurons?

Answer 51

99%

Question 52

What type of neurons are interneurons?

Answer 52

Multipoloar or anaxonic

Question 53

How long is the synaptic delay?

Answer 53

.3 and .5 milliseconds.

Question 54

Electrical synapse

Answer 54

when a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron are bound together and don’t have a synaptic cleft or use neurotransmitters to communicate.
These are located in parts of the brain and eyes.

Question 55

How do the electrical synapses send signals?

Answer 55

Through gap junctions