Ch. 5.2- Connective tissue

Question 1

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 1

To protect, support, and bind organs.

Question 2

Examples of connective tissue?

Answer 2

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Question 3

What are all connective tissues derived from?

Answer 3

Mesenchym

Question 4

What types of connective tissue are very vascular?

Answer 4

Areolar connective tissue

Question 5

What types of connective tissue are poorly vascular?

Answer 5

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 6

What types of connective tissue are avascular?

Answer 6

Mature cartilage

Question 7

What are the three substances that all connective tissues share?

Answer 7

Cells, connective tissues, and ground substance.

Question 8

Define fibroblasts and functions

Answer 8

Relatively flat cells with tapered ends. Most abundant cells in connective tissue proper.
Produce fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix.

Question 9

Define adipocyte

Answer 9

Small clusters with connective tissue proper.

If large clusters of these cells dominate an area, it is called adipose connective tissue.

Question 10

Define mesenchymal and functions

Answer 10

Type of stem cells within connective tissue.

These divide when tissue is damages and become the type of connective tissue needed for the repair.

Question 11

Define fixed macrophages

Answer 11

Large irregularly shaped cells that are derived from a monocyte.
Dispensed throughout the matrix.
These release chemicals that stimulate the immune system

Question 12

define resident cells

Answer 12

Cells that are stationary cells that are permanently housed inside the connective tissue
These help support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix

Question 13

define wandering cells

Answer 13

continuously move through the connective tissue proper.
These are components of immune systems.
Primarily leukocyts

Question 14

mast cells

Answer 14

small mobile cells that are usually close to blood vessels

these secrete heparin to stop clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow.

Question 15

What are the three basic types of protein fibers in connective tissue?

Answer 15

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

Question 16

Describe collagen fibers

Answer 16

Cable like. Strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. About 25% of body protein. Appear white in fresh tissue. If stained by hematoxylin and eosin, they appear pink. Numerous in tendons and ligaments.

Question 17

What are the main types of resident cells in connective tissue?

Answer 17

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, and fixed macrophages.

Question 18

Define fibroblasts

Answer 18

Flat cells, tapered ends, must abundant resident cells in connective tissue.
Produce fibers and ground substance- parts of the extracellular matrix.

Question 19

Adipocyte

Answer 19

Fat cells- nucleus on the outside edge.

Question 20

Mesenchymal

Answer 20

stem cells in connective tissue that divide to replace damaged cells.

Question 21

Fixed macrophages

Answer 21

large irregularly shaped cells- derived from monocytes.
Phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens.
Releases chemicals that stimulate the immune system when encountering foreign materials.

Question 22

plasma cells

Answer 22

formed by B lymphocytes

The produce antibodies!

Question 23

free macrophages

Answer 23

Mobile phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue.
Function like fixed macrophages, but can move when they need too.

Question 24

Reticular fibers

Answer 24

Similar to collagen but thinner. Branching, interwoven framework. Tough but flexible. Abundant in stoma (connective tissue framework) of lyrmphnoes, spleen, and liver.

Question 25

Elastic fibers

Answer 25

Contain elastin. Fibers branch and rejoin and appear wavy. Yellowish color. Elastin fibers appear black when stained. Abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs.

Question 26

Ground substance

Answer 26

Viscous (blood), semi-solid (cartilage), or solid (bone). Together with protein fibers, forms the extracellular matrix. The viscous nature of this helps prevent the spread of disease.

Question 27

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Answer 27

Polysaccharides, made entirely of carbohydrates. | Negatively charged and hydrophilic. Negative charge attracts cations and thus attracts water.

Question 28

What is the structure, function, and location of mesenchyme?

Answer 28

Structure: Stellate or spindle shaped- ground substance is viscous with some protein fibers. Function: Common origin for all tissue types Location: Throughout the body of embryo and fetus

Question 29

Mucous connective tissue structure, function, and location in the body?

Answer 29

Structure: Scattered within viscous ground substance Function: Support of structures in umbilical cords Location: Umbilical cord of fetus Also known as Wharton's Jelly

Question 30

What are the two broad groups of connective tissue?

Answer 30

Loose connective | Dense connective

Question 31

Loose connective tissue

Answer 31

Contains relatively few cells and protein fibers. Protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged. Lots of viscous ground substance. Well vascularized.

Question 32

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 32

Areolar, adipose, and reticular.

Question 33

Areolar connective tissue

Answer 33

Structure: Unconfined organization of collagen and some elastic fibers. Highly vascularized. Has fixed and wandering cells. Predominant cells is fibroblast. Lots of viscous ground substance. Function: Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue Locations: Papillary layer of the skin; subcutaneous layers, surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells and blood vessels.

Question 34

Adipose Connective tissue

Answer 34

Structure: Highly vascularized. Mostly adipocytes. Comes in white and brown. Nucleus pushed to the edges of the cell. Function: Brown in newborns for heat generation. White for energy storage. White is also an insulated to help retain heat and protect from shock. Cushions and protects. Location: Subcutaneous layers; surrounds and covers some organs.

Question 35

Dense connective tissue

Answer 35

Mostly protein fibers. Less ground substance than loose.

Question 36

Three types one dense connective tissue

Answer 36

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.

Question 37

Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 37

Few fibroblasts and limited ground substance. Abundant collagen fibers arranged tightly and parallel to each other. (like lasagna noodles on top of each other) Found in tendons and ligaments where stress is usually only applied in one direction. Few vessels. Takes a long time to heal.

Question 38

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 38

Structure: Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblast in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply Function: Withstands stress applied in all directions Locations: Most of dermis of skin, periosteum coving bone, perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium coving skeletal muscle, some organ capsules

Question 39

Elastic connective tissue

Answer 39

Structure: Mostly of elastic fibers; fibroblasts occupy some space between fibers Function: Allows stretching and recoiling Location: walls of elastic arteries, trachea, and vocal cords.

Question 40

Last type of connective tissue: Reticular Connective Tissue

Answer 40

Structure: Viscous ground substance; meshwork of reticular fibers, leukocytes, and some fibroblasts Function: Supportive framework for lymphatic organs Location: Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

Question 41

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

Answer 41

Cartilage and bone

Question 42

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 42

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

Question 43

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 43

Structure: Glassy appearing matrix, irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae. Function: Provides support, forms most of fetal skeleton Location: Tip of nose, trachea, most of larynx, costal cartilage: both the epiphyseal (growth) plates and ends of long bones. Most of fetal skeleton.

Question 44

Fibrocartilage

Answer 44

Structure: Readily visible, numerous collagen fibers with limited ground substance; large chondrocytes in lacunae. Function: Shock absorber in some joints Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, menisci

Question 45

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 45

Structure: Abundant elastic fibers that form a weblike mesh; closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae. Semi-solid ground substance. Function: Maintains shape while allowing for lots of flex. Location: External ear, epiglottis of larynx

Question 46

What are mature cartilage cells called?

Answer 46

Chondrocytes

Question 47

Lacunae

Answer 47

A hollow within the extracellular matrix that houses chondrocytes.

Question 48

Why is cartilage avascular?

Answer 48

Chondrocytes produce and secrete a chemical that stops blood vessel growth.

Question 49

Bone connective tissue

Answer 49

Osseous connective tissue Structure: Calcified ECM contains osteocytes trapped in lacunae. Organized in osteons (rings like a tree) around a central canal. Spongy bone- meshwork Function: Levers for body movement; support soft structures; protects organs; stores calcium and phosphorous; spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue and is the site of hemopoiesis Location: Bones of the body

Question 50

What are bone cells called?

Answer 50

Osteocytes

Question 51

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

Answer 51

Blood and lymph

Question 52

Blood

Answer 52

Structure: Contains formed elements: dissolved within blood plasma Function: transport gases; leukocytes help fight infection; platelets help with blood clotting; llama transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones Location: Within blood vessels and within the heart.