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Biology 227 Lecture > Ch. 5.2- Connective tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 5.2- Connective tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

To protect, support, and bind organs.

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2
Q

Examples of connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

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3
Q

What are all connective tissues derived from?

A

Mesenchym

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4
Q

What types of connective tissue are very vascular?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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5
Q

What types of connective tissue are poorly vascular?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

What types of connective tissue are avascular?

A

Mature cartilage

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7
Q

What are the three substances that all connective tissues share?

A

Cells, connective tissues, and ground substance.

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8
Q

Define fibroblasts and functions

A

Relatively flat cells with tapered ends. Most abundant cells in connective tissue proper.
Produce fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix.

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9
Q

Define adipocyte

A

Small clusters with connective tissue proper.

If large clusters of these cells dominate an area, it is called adipose connective tissue.

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10
Q

Define mesenchymal and functions

A

Type of stem cells within connective tissue.

These divide when tissue is damages and become the type of connective tissue needed for the repair.

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11
Q

Define fixed macrophages

A

Large irregularly shaped cells that are derived from a monocyte.
Dispensed throughout the matrix.
These release chemicals that stimulate the immune system

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12
Q

define resident cells

A

Cells that are stationary cells that are permanently housed inside the connective tissue
These help support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix

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13
Q

define wandering cells

A

continuously move through the connective tissue proper.
These are components of immune systems.
Primarily leukocyts

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14
Q

mast cells

A

small mobile cells that are usually close to blood vessels

these secrete heparin to stop clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow.

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15
Q

What are the three basic types of protein fibers in connective tissue?

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

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16
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

Cable like. Strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. About 25% of body protein. Appear white in fresh tissue. If stained by hematoxylin and eosin, they appear pink. Numerous in tendons and ligaments.

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17
Q

What are the main types of resident cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, and fixed macrophages.

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18
Q

Define fibroblasts

A

Flat cells, tapered ends, must abundant resident cells in connective tissue.
Produce fibers and ground substance- parts of the extracellular matrix.

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19
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cells- nucleus on the outside edge.

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20
Q

Mesenchymal

A

stem cells in connective tissue that divide to replace damaged cells.

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21
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

large irregularly shaped cells- derived from monocytes.
Phagocytize damaged cells and pathogens.
Releases chemicals that stimulate the immune system when encountering foreign materials.

22
Q

plasma cells

A

formed by B lymphocytes

The produce antibodies!

23
Q

free macrophages

A

Mobile phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue.
Function like fixed macrophages, but can move when they need too.

24
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Similar to collagen but thinner. Branching, interwoven framework. Tough but flexible. Abundant in stoma (connective tissue framework) of lyrmphnoes, spleen, and liver.

25
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin. Fibers branch and rejoin and appear wavy. Yellowish color. Elastin fibers appear black when stained. Abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs.

26
Q

Ground substance

A

Viscous (blood), semi-solid (cartilage), or solid (bone). Together with protein fibers, forms the extracellular matrix.
The viscous nature of this helps prevent the spread of disease.

27
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Polysaccharides, made entirely of carbohydrates.

Negatively charged and hydrophilic. Negative charge attracts cations and thus attracts water.

28
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of mesenchyme?

A

Structure: Stellate or spindle shaped- ground substance is viscous with some protein fibers.
Function: Common origin for all tissue types
Location: Throughout the body of embryo and fetus

29
Q

Mucous connective tissue structure, function, and location in the body?

A

Structure: Scattered within viscous ground substance
Function: Support of structures in umbilical cords
Location: Umbilical cord of fetus
Also known as Wharton’s Jelly

30
Q

What are the two broad groups of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective

Dense connective

31
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Contains relatively few cells and protein fibers. Protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged. Lots of viscous ground substance. Well vascularized.

32
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular.

33
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Structure: Unconfined organization of collagen and some elastic fibers. Highly vascularized. Has fixed and wandering cells. Predominant cells is fibroblast. Lots of viscous ground substance.
Function: Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue
Locations: Papillary layer of the skin; subcutaneous layers, surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells and blood vessels.

34
Q

Adipose Connective tissue

A

Structure: Highly vascularized. Mostly adipocytes. Comes in white and brown. Nucleus pushed to the edges of the cell.
Function: Brown in newborns for heat generation. White for energy storage. White is also an insulated to help retain heat and protect from shock. Cushions and protects.
Location: Subcutaneous layers; surrounds and covers some organs.

35
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Mostly protein fibers. Less ground substance than loose.

36
Q

Three types one dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.

37
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Few fibroblasts and limited ground substance. Abundant collagen fibers arranged tightly and parallel to each other. (like lasagna noodles on top of each other) Found in tendons and ligaments where stress is usually only applied in one direction. Few vessels. Takes a long time to heal.

38
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Structure: Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblast in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply
Function: Withstands stress applied in all directions
Locations: Most of dermis of skin, periosteum coving bone, perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium coving skeletal muscle, some organ capsules

39
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Structure: Mostly of elastic fibers; fibroblasts occupy some space between fibers
Function: Allows stretching and recoiling
Location: walls of elastic arteries, trachea, and vocal cords.

40
Q

Last type of connective tissue: Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Structure: Viscous ground substance; meshwork of reticular fibers, leukocytes, and some fibroblasts
Function: Supportive framework for lymphatic organs
Location: Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.

41
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?

A

Cartilage and bone

42
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

43
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Structure: Glassy appearing matrix, irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae.
Function: Provides support, forms most of fetal skeleton
Location: Tip of nose, trachea, most of larynx, costal cartilage: both the epiphyseal (growth) plates and ends of long bones. Most of fetal skeleton.

44
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Structure: Readily visible, numerous collagen fibers with limited ground substance; large chondrocytes in lacunae.
Function: Shock absorber in some joints
Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, menisci

45
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Structure: Abundant elastic fibers that form a weblike mesh; closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae. Semi-solid ground substance.
Function: Maintains shape while allowing for lots of flex.
Location: External ear, epiglottis of larynx

46
Q

What are mature cartilage cells called?

A

Chondrocytes

47
Q

Lacunae

A

A hollow within the extracellular matrix that houses chondrocytes.

48
Q

Why is cartilage avascular?

A

Chondrocytes produce and secrete a chemical that stops blood vessel growth.

49
Q

Bone connective tissue

A

Osseous connective tissue
Structure: Calcified ECM contains osteocytes trapped in lacunae. Organized in osteons (rings like a tree) around a central canal. Spongy bone- meshwork
Function: Levers for body movement; support soft structures; protects organs; stores calcium and phosphorous; spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue and is the site of hemopoiesis
Location: Bones of the body

50
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

51
Q

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph

52
Q

Blood

A

Structure: Contains formed elements: dissolved within blood plasma
Function: transport gases; leukocytes help fight infection; platelets help with blood clotting; llama transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones
Location: Within blood vessels and within the heart.

Biology 227 Lecture (66 decks)

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