17.7- Hypothalamus and pituitary glands.

Question 1

What is the posterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 1

Neurons- 1/4 the mass of the total pituitary gland.

Question 2

What is the anterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 2

Hormone producing cells.

Question 3

Supra-optic nucleus

Answer 3

Part of the hypothalamus superior to the optic chiasm.

Question 4

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 4

Part of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the third ventricle.

Question 5

Portal vessel

Answer 5

Vessel located between two capillary beds.

Question 6

Primary plexus

Answer 6

Vary porous capillary network associated with the hypothalamus.

Question 7

Secondary plexus

Answer 7

The plexus associated with the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 8

Hypophyseal portal vein

Answer 8

The vein that connects the primary plexus to the secondary plexus.

Question 9

What two hormones doe the posterior pituitary store?

Answer 9

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone.

But these are both synthesized in the hypothalamus.

Question 10

What hormone does the supraoptic nucleus form?

Answer 10

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 11

What hormone does the paraventricular nucleus form?

Answer 11

Oxytocin

Question 12

How are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin moved from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 12

Fast axon transport inside vesicles.

Question 13

What are target cells of ADH?

Answer 13

Kidneys, and the thirst center. In high doses ADH causes vasoconstriction, which it is also called vasopressin.

Question 14

What does oxytocin do in males?

Answer 14

Initiates the moment of sperm through the reproductive tracts.

Question 15

Regulatory hormone

Answer 15

The hormone that is released from the hypothalamus into the primary plexus which moves it to the anterior pituitary gland and causes the release of the hormones held there into general circulation.

Question 16

What are the two types of regulatory hormones?

Answer 16

Releasing and inhibiting hormones.

Question 17

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

What do they do?

Answer 17

Thyroid stimulating hormone- causes the thyroid to release thyroid hormone, which established the body’s metabolic rate.

Prolactin- mammillary gland growth and breast milk production. Also made by mails, but to unknown effect.

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone- These are called gonadotropins-
In women: act on ovaries control development of oocytes and their follicles (spherical structure that holds them), ovulation, and release of estrogen and progesterone.
In men: regulates production of sperm and release of testosterone.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids- increase blood levels of nutrient molecules- glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Growth hormone- stimulates the liver to release Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 and 2. GF and IGF’s function synergistically to stimulate cell growth and cell division (especial in the skeleton and the muscle).

Question 18

What re the half lives of GH and IGF?

Answer 18

GH- 6 hours

IGF- 20 hours because protected by carriers.