13.3- Cerebrum Flashcards
Where is the cerebrum?
Two large hemispheres of the superior aspect of brain.
What does it do?
All higher level thought, conscious movement, and awareness of senses.
Cerebral cortex
Surface layer of gray matter
Cerebral nuclei
Deep gray matter
What is gray matter for?
Centers of integration and processing.
Longitudinal fissure
Narrow deep cleft that separates the cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
Largest white matter tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.- Main method of communication between hemispheres.
Which parts of the body do the cerebral hemispheres control?
The opposite side from the one they are on.
Cerebral lateralizations
The functions that are not identical to each other from one side of the brain to the other.
How many lobes are the cerebral hemispheres divided into?
5
What lobe is note associated with it’s overlying cranial bone?
Insula
Precentral gyrus
The mass of tissue just anterior to the central sulcus.
What does the frontal lobe do?
Voluntary motor functions, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality.
What is the posterior border of the parietal lobe?
The perieto-occipital sulcus
Post central gyrus
Mass of tissue directly posterior to the central sulcus
Parietal lobe functions?
Cerebral cortex- general sensory function- shape and texture of objects being touched - sensory input regarding body position from proprioreceptors in the joints.
Temporal lobe location and function
Deep to the temporal bone and inferior to the lateral sulcus.
Cerebral cortex- hearing and smell
Occipital lobe location and functions
Posterior region of each hemisphere
Processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories.
Insula location and function
Small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus. Can be seen by pulling aside the temporal lobe.
Cerebral cortex- memory and the interpretation of taste.
Where is the primary motor cortex? Other name for it?
Somatic motor area
Located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
What is Broca’s area?
Motor speech area.
Inferolateral postion of the left front lobe
Controls breathing and muscular movement necessary for vocalization.
Frontal Eye Field
Frontal lobe
Superior to broca’s area
Controls eye movement necessary for reading.
Premotor cortex
Somatic motor association area
Immediately anterior to the precentral gyrus
Coordinating learned skilled motor activities
Primary somatosensory cortex
Found in the post central gyrus
Receive info from skin about touch, pressure, pain, temperature and info from proprioreceptors (body position sensors in the joints)
Conscious of this infor
Somatasensory information center
Parietal lobe
Primary visual cortex
located in the occipital lobe
Receives and processes visual info.
Primary auditory cortex
In the temporal lobe
processing auditory inför
Auditory association area
Posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex
Store memories of sound heard in the past
(good for tune recognition- maybe even voice recognition?)
Function brain region
Multi-association area in multiple areas
Used to integrate info from multiple association areas
I.E. Prefrontal cortex is one example
Wernicke’s area
Function brain region in left hemisphere
Recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoke n and written language.
Central white matter-
Composed of myelinated axons
Tracts
bundles of axons in the brain
What are short association tracts composed of?
Arcuate fibers
connect neighboring gyri in the same lobe
Longitudinal fasciculi
Connect gyri in different lobes of the same hemisphere.
Commisural tracts
Extend between the hemispheres via axonal bridges called commissures
What are the main commissures?
Corpus collosum
Anterior and posterior commissures.
Projection tracts
Link cerebral cortex to inferior regions of the brain and spinal cord.
Petalias
shape asymmetries in the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain.
Cerebral lateralization
How each hemisphere seems to be specialized for certain tasks.
Categrorical hemisphere
Usually left hemisphere
Wernicke’s area and motor speech area.
Specialized for language abilities
Sequential and analytical reasoning tasks.
Representational hemisphere
Usually the right hemisphere
Visiospacial relationships and analysis
Seat of imagination and insight, musical and artistic skills, perception of patterns and spacial relationships.
Comparison os sights, sounds, smells, and tastes.
Epilepsy
When neurons transmit signals too frequently
Cerebral nuclei
Located in the base (deepest) part of the cerebral hemispheres.
Paired irregular masses of grey matter buried deep in the white matter.
Help regulate motor output initiated by the cerebral cortex
Nucleus
Collections of neural cell bodies in the CNS
Ganglion
Collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.
Caudate nucleus location and function
Bulged head and slender tail
Follows lateral ventricles
Stimulates arms and legs to move correctly
Lentiform nucleus location and function
Triangle mass made of putaman and globus pallidus
Positioned between the insula lobe and the lateral wall of the thalamus.
Controls skeletal muscular movement at the subconscious level.
Excites and inhibits the thalamus to regulate skeletal muscle tone.
Claustrum location and function
Thin sliver or grey matter formed by a layer of neurons located immediately internal to the insula.
Process visual info at a subconscious level.
Amygdaloid body
Expanded region at the tail of the caudate nucleus
Participates in the expression of emotions, control of behavior activity, and development of moods.
corpus striatum
Striated white matter of the internal capsule positioned between the grey matter of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.
Cerebral palsy
usually the result of damage to an infants brain just prior to, during, or just after birth.
What are the three forms of cerebral palsy and what do they do?
Athetoid: slow involuntary writhing hand movements
Ataxic: Lack of muscular coordination
Spastic: Increased muscular tone. Sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment or speech disorder.
Huntington Disease
Autosomal dormant hereditary disease. Affects the cerebral nuclei. Rapid jerky involuntary movements that start unilaterally in the face but progress to all limbs. Progressive intellectual deterioration- personality change, memory loss, irritability.
Onset in 30’s to 40’s.
Fatal
Parkinson’s Disease
Slowly progressing neurological disorder that affects movement and balance.
Stiff posture, expressionless face, slow voluntary movement, resting tremors, and shuffling gate.
