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Biology 227 Lecture > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the epineurium and perineurium made of?

A

Dense irregular connective

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2
Q

What are the special characteristics of a nerve?

A 
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretions- they release neurotransmitters.
Longevity
Amitotic
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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a neuron called?

A

Perikaryon

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4
Q

What are other names for ribosomes in the perikaryon?

A

Chromatophilic substance or Nissl bodies.

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5
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Transmit graded potential along their membrane toward the cell body.

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6
Q

Axoplasm

A

The cytoplasm within an axon. This isn’t the perikaryon which wish the cytoplasm in the cell body. This is the cytoplasm ion the axon specifically.

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the nervous system?

A

Sensory
Integration
Output

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8
Q

What types of glial cells in the CNS and PNS?

A

Neurolemocytes (Schwann cells)- PNS

Oligodendrocytes- CNS

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9
Q

How fast is fast axon transport?

A

400 mm per day

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10
Q

How fast is slow axon transport?

A

.1 to 3 mm per day

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11
Q

What type of neuron are most sensory neurons?

A

Unipolar neurons

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12
Q

What type of neuron are some special neurons neurons?

A

Bipolar neurons- retina of eye, and olfactory epithelium of nose.

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13
Q

What type of neuron are all motor neurons and most interneurons?

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

What type of neuron are some interneurons?

A

Anaxonic

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15
Q

How are messages transmitted through the electrical synapses?

A

Gap junctions

These are only in specific regions of the brain and the eyes.

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16
Q

What is the function of satellite cells in the PNS?

A

Also called amphicytes
Electrically insulate the PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in the ganglion of the PNS.

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17
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Demyelination of neurons in the CNS and oligodendrocyte destruction.

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18
Q

Guillian-Barré Cyndrome

A

Demyelination of PNS and spinal nerves.

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19
Q

What are the criteria for nerve regeneration?

A

Gap between cut ends of nerve cannot be greater than 3 mm
Neurolemma must be present- so no regeneration can happen in the CNS
Nucleus must be intact
Two cut ends muscle remain in the same line.

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20
Q

Stages of regeneration

A

Pseudopodia like ends bro from the proximal ends of the nerve- these are called sprouts or fibrils.
Fibrils move toward the distal cut end of the nerve fiber.
Fibrils enter the neurolemma tube of the cut end and form an axis cylinder.
Schwann cells line up at the distal end of the cut nerve and guide the fibrils into the tube and synthesize nerve growth factors.
Myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells.

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21
Q

Define nerve

A

Bundles of axons, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

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22
Q

What are the ways to classify neurons?

A

Neurite number- structural arrangement of the neuron
Length of neuron- long or short
Function- sensory(afferent) motor (efferent) interneuron (association neurons-the majority)
Neurotransmitter type- what type of chemical does the neuron release (largely determines function)

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23
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

How the electrical signal speeds u and slows down as it move along an axon due to the internodes speeding up conduction and the nodes of ranvier slowing it down.

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24
Q

What is the mV at RMP (resting membrane potential?)

A

-60 to -70 mV.

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25
Q

What controls maintenance of RMP?

What pump is involved?

A

Na+ and Cl- outside the cell, and K+ inside the cell.

Sodium potassium pump.

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26
Q

What causes the depolarization?

A

When the RMP increases to -55.

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27
Q

Modality gated channels?

A

Components of sensory neurons- stimulated to open my physical means like pressure.

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28
Q

Spacial summation

A

multiple presynaptic neurons firing postsynaptic neuron

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29
Q

Temporal summation

A

One presynaptic neuron firing a postsynaptic neuron quickly.

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30
Q

What are catecholamines? Examples?

What do they do?

A

A type of neurotransmitter
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Affect breathing and heart rate.

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31
Q

What are indolamines? Examples?

What do they do?

A

Neurotransmitter
Seratonin and Histamines.
Mood, emotional behavior, sleep- helps you feel safe.
This is related to depression

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32
Q

What is Adenosine? Examples?

What do they do?

A

Neurotransmitter
This is it’s own neurotramitter.
It slows the excitatory effect of sympathetic neurons.

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33
Q

What are Amino Acids? Examples?

What do they do?

A

Glutamate, aspartate, serine, glycine, and GABA.

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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34
Q

Neuropeptides?

A

Larger than most neurotransmitters

natural opiates.

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35
Q

Nitric Oxide and Carbon monoxide

A

Causes relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation)

36
Q

Voltage

A

The amount of difference of electrical charge between two areas.

37
Q

Current

A

The movement of charged particles across the barrier that separates the two different electrical charges that create voltage.

38
Q

Resistance

A

The opposition to the movement of charged particles.

39
Q

Neurulation

A

Begins in 3rd week of development with a thickening of a portion of the ectoderm.
This happens as the notochord stimulates the neural plate to form a neural tube.

40
Q

Notochord

A

The part that underlies the thickening portion of the ectoderm during week three of development.
This is a tightly packed portion of mesoderm cells packed on the embryo midline.

41
Q

Neural plate

A

Thickened ectoderm that is formed over the notochord during the third week of neurulation.

42
Q

Step one of neurulation

A

Neural plate develops a central longitudinal indentation called the NEURAL GROOVE. While this happens, cells along the margins of the neural plate proliferate and become the thickened NEURAL FOLDS. Tip of neural folds form NERUAL CREST CELLS.

43
Q

Step two of neurulation

A

Neural golds elevate and approach one another as the neural groove deepens. Neural crest cells now at highest point of neural groove.

44
Q

Step three of neurulation

A

Neural crest cells begin to pinch off from neural folds and form other structures.

45
Q

Step four of neurulation

A

Neural folds have met and fused at the midline starting to form the NEURAL TUBE because the neural groove is still present between them. The neural tube has an internal space called a NEURAL CANAL. The folds continue to fuse further from the midline completing the NEURAL TUBE.

46
Q

neuropores

A

the openings that are at the ends of the neural tube prior to them closing off.

47
Q

Cranial neuropore

A

Opening closest to the the future head of the embryo.

48
Q

Caudal neuropore

A

Opening closes to the future buttocks of the developing embryo.

49
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles in the fetus? When do they develop?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Developed by late in the fourth week.

50
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

The telencephalon and diencephalon.

51
Q

Does the mesencephalon divide?

A

No

52
Q

What does the rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Mesencephalon

Myelencephalon

53
Q

What is the gray matter in the cerebrum called?

A

Cerebral cortex.

54
Q

What is folate?

Why is it important?

A

Vitamin B12 and B9
Decrease in incidences of neural tube defects.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are critical in DNA formation and necessary for cellular division and primary germ layer differentiation.

55
Q

What are brain ventricles?

What is their role?

A

Cavities or expansions in the brain derived from the neural canal. Contain CSF and are lined with ependymal cells.

56
Q

What is the difference in structure and function of gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter- cell bodies- processing
White matter- myelinated axons that rom tracts- for passing messages.
White matter also has peduncles that connect two regions of the brain.

57
Q

What are the five lobes of the brain?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
58
Q

Where is the centra sulcus?

A

Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in a coronal line.

59
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Divides the left cerebrum from the right.

60
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus? What does it divide?

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes inferiorly from the temporal lobe.

61
Q

What forms CSF?

A

Choroid Plexus

62
Q

What reabsorbs the CSF?

A

Arachnoid vili. They penetrate through the meningeal layer of the dura mater into the dural venous sinus. The arachnoid vili absorb CSF from the subarachnoid space and move it into the dural Venus sinus.

63
Q

What can cross the BBB (blood brain barrier)?

A

Lipid soluble substances pass through the barrier freely.
Nicotine, alcohol, and some anesthetics pass through this barrier.
Cocaine and methamphetamines can damage this barrier.

64
Q

Where is the BBB missing or reduced?

A

Choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.

65
Q

What is the parieto-occiptal sulcus?

A

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

66
Q

What are the two types of neural tube defects?

A

Anancephaly- no brain
Spina Bifida Cystica- causes paralysis
Spina Bifida Occulta- less serious

67
Q

When does intelligence peak?

A

Intelligence peaks around 18.

68
Q

What are some of major milestones of early brain development?

A

Sensory pathways
Language development
Higher cognitive function

69
Q

What do the motor components of the reticular formation do?

A

Responsible for regulating muscle tone.

Also works closely with the medulla and pons to regulate blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration.

70
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

The sensory components of the reticular formation are responsible for alerting the cerebrum to incoming sensory info.
Has sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex.
Assesses visual, touch, and auditory stimuli and keeps us in a state of mental alertness.
RAS rouses us from sleep.

71
Q

Where is short term memory stored?

A

Hippocampus

72
Q

Where is long term memory stored?

A

Corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex.

73
Q

Define sleep?

A

The temporary lack of consciousness from which a person can be aroused by normal stimulation.

74
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Interprets what we read and hear.
Locate in the angular gyrus which is the posterior and superior portion of the temporal lobe and inferior and posterior part of the parietal lobe.

75
Q

What does the motor speech are do? What is it called?

A

Called Broca area.
Interprets info form the Wenicke’s are in order to speak.
Just behind the prefrontal cortex and superior to the anterior portion of the temporal lobe.

76
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

How does structure help achieve function?

A

To provide an essential structural and functional link between the brain, torso, and limbs.
Spinal reflexes help protect us.
Spinal nerves exit the spinal column through the intervertebral foramen.

77
Q

What do lateral horns hold?

A

Autonomic motor neurons.

78
Q

Where does the posterior funiculus-lemnicscal pathway decussate?
What does it do?

A

The medulla.
Somatosensory pathway
Discriminative touch, precise pressure, and vibration.
Made up of three sensory neurons.
Primary neuron ascends in the fascicles cuneatus or gracilis.
Secondary ascends in the medial lemniscus to the thalamus.
Tertiary neuron- thalamus to cerebrum.

79
Q

Anterolateral pathway

A

Senses crude touch, pressure, pain, and temp.- skin and mucous membranes.
Decussates at the level of the spinal cord.
Primary neuron- goes to spinal cord
Secondary- spinal cord to thalamus
Tertiary- thalamus to cerebrum

80
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Two neurons
Uses proprioreceptors
Primary- extends from proprioreceptor to spinal cord.
Secondary- Spinal cord to spinocerebellar tract.

81
Q

What do upper motor neurons do?

A

Inhibit or excite

82
Q

What do lower motor neurons do?

A

Only excite

83
Q

Four properties of reflexes

A

Stimulus
Rapid respons
Preprogramed
Involuntary

84
Q

What does the Golgi tendon reflex do?

A

Protects against too much flexion.

85
Q

What does stretch reflex do?

A

protects against overstretched muscles.

sensory and gamma motor neurons

86
Q

Clinical diagnosis of reflexes

A

normal-normal
hyperactive- brain or spinal cord damage
hypoactive- neuromuscular junction damage.

Biology 227 Lecture (66 decks)

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