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Biology 227 Lecture > Ch. 7.1 and 7.2- Intro and General Functions of Skeleton > Flashcards

Ch. 7.1 and 7.2- Intro and General Functions of Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary organs of the skeletal system?

A

Bones

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2
Q

Two types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy

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3
Q

Cartilage- describe

A

semi-rigid

avascular

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4
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located other than the ends of bones?

A

Sternum, epiphyseal plates, model of skeleton during fetal development

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5
Q

How do you spell the word that means the production of red blood cells?

A

Hemopoiesis

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6
Q

haima

A

blood

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7
Q

poiesi

A

making

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8
Q

Why is phosphate important?

A

Structural component of ATP, nucleotides, and phospholipids.

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9
Q

What is another term for short bones?

A

Sesmoid bones

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10
Q

Give some examples of sesamoid bones

A

kneecap, carpals, and tarsals

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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12
Q

What is the cavity in the middle of the diaphysis?

What is in it in adults? Kids?

A

Medullary Cavity

Adults: Yellow bone marrow Kids: Red bone marrow

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13
Q

Expanded knobby region of long bones?

A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

Metaphysis

A

Are in mature bone that is sandwiched between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Located in the metaphysis. Made of hyaline cartilage. Sight of continued lengthwise growth of bone.

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16
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Thin layer of compact bone in adults that is the remnant of the epiphyseal line that was present in kids.

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17
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough sheath that covers outer surface of bone except where covered by hyaline cartilage.

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18
Q

Define the two layers of the periosteum and describe their functions

A

Outer layer: Dense irregular connective tissue. Protects the bone from surrounding structures, and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bone’s surface. Also is attachment site for tendons and ligaments.
Inner layer: Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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19
Q

How is periosteum anchored to bone?

A

Numerous collagen fibers.

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20
Q

Perforating fibers

A

(also called Sharpey’s fibers)Collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to bone and run perpendicular to the diaphysis.

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21
Q

Endosteum

A

Incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity. This has osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclast and osteoblasts, just ike the periosteum.

22
Q

How do short, flat, and irregular bones differ from long bones?

A

The external surface is compact bone and the inside is spongy bone. No medullary cavity. Flat bone does not appear to have endosperm, but rather only periosteum.

23
Q

What is another term for spongy bone?

A

Diploë.

24
Q

How many nutrient arteries typically enter and exit bone.

A

One of each

25
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

The hole in bone that allow for he nutrient artery and vein to enter and leave.

26
Q

Where is red bone marrow located? What is its function?

A

Located in axial skeleton. Performs hemopoiesis.

27
Q

What are the four types of cells found in bone tissue?

A

Osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

28
Q

Osteprogenitores

A

Derived from mesenchyme. When they divide, the produce an osteoblast and a committed cell.
Found in periosteum and endosteum.

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Formed from osteoprogenitors. Active osteoblasts have cuboidal shape. Live on bone surface. Have lots of rough ER and Golgi Apparatus. Synthesize and secrete the initial semi-solid form of bone matrix called osteoid. Because of osteoid deposition, osteoblast become trapped in their own matrix. At that point they become osteocytes.

30
Q

Osteoid

A

Semi-solid form of bone matrix. Calcifies as a result of salt crystal deposition.

31
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts, stuck in bone matrix. They sense stress in bone signal for increased bone deposition.

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large multinuclear phagocytic cells. Derived from fused bone marrow cells. Ruffled border where they contact the bone. Ruffles increases the surface area where they are exposed to bone. Break down bone through resorption..

33
Q

Resorption lacunae

A

Also called Howship’s Lacunae- pits in bone where osteoclasts are or have been.

34
Q

What is the organic component of bone?

A

Osteoid- gives bone tensile strength- resisting stretching and twisting and contributing to flexibility.

35
Q

What is osteoid made of?

A

Collagen and semi-solid ground substance called proteoglycan (including chondroitin sulfate). Also glycoproteins (suspend and support collagen fibers).

36
Q

What is the inorganic portion of bone made of?

A

Salt crystals (primarily calcium phosphate) Calcium hydroxide and calcium phosphate interact to form hydroxyapatite. Other salts like calcium carbonate and ions like sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride are also used during calcification. These are deposited along long axis of collagen fibers in ECM. These salts account for bones rigidity and relatively inflexibility that accounts for compression strength.

37
Q

What is the sequence of bone formation

A

Osteoblasts secret osteoid. Calcification occurs when calcium and phosphate ions reach critical levels and precipitate out of solution which forms hydroxyapatite crystals that deposit in and around collagen fibers.

38
Q

What substances are needed for bone calcification?

A 
Vitamin D (for resorption of vitamin C in intestinal tract)
Vitamin C (needed for collagen formation)
Calcium and phosphate for calcification.
39
Q

Bone resorption

A

Bone matrix destroyed by substances released by osteoclasts released into extracellular space near bone. Proteolytic enzymes released by lysosomes inside osteoclasts chemically digs the organic components. HCl (hydrochloric acid) dissolves the mineral parts.Liberated calcium and phosphate ions enter the blood stream. This can occur when blood calcium levels are too low.

40
Q

Central canal

A

Canal in the middle of osteons with blood vessels in it.

41
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Lamellae that surround the central canal. Collagen fibers oriented at an angle in one direction. Adjacent lamellae have collagen fibers oriented at 90 degree angles to the lamellae next to them.

42
Q

Osteocytes

A

Found in small gaps between lamellae. These maintain bone matrix.

43
Q

Lacunae

A

house osteocytes

44
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny interconnecting channels between lacunae and central canals.

45
Q

Perforating canals

A

Resemble central canals with vessels in them, but they run perpendicular to central canals. These connect multiple central canals.

46
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or immediately external to the endosteum. These extend the entire circumference of the bone.

47
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

The left overs of old osteons. Incomplete osteons and no central canal.

48
Q

Spongy bone

A

open network of narrow rods and plages called trabeculae

49
Q

What does hyaline cartilage not include?

A

calcium salts.

50
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Derived from mesenchymal cells that produce the cartilage matrix.

51
Q

Perichondrium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue sheet that covers hyaline cartilage (except articular cartilage) which helps it maintain its shape.

Biology 227 Lecture (66 decks)

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