Immunologic Agents Flashcards
Active immunity
Type of immunity that occurs when the person is exposed to a disease and develops that disease, and the body makes antibodies to provide further protection against the disease
Antibody
Molecule with the ability to bind to a specific antigen
Antigen
Substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response
Antigen-antibody response
Antibodies formed in response to exposure to a specific antigen
Attenuate
To weaken
Booster
Immunogenicity injected after a specific interval, often after the primary immunization to stimulate and sustain the immune response
Cell-mediated immunity
Immune reaction caused by white blood cells
Globulins
Plasma proteins that are insoluble in water
Humoral immunity
Antibody mediated immune response of the body
Immune globulins
Solution obtained form human or animal blood containing antibodies that have been formed by the body to specific antigens, administered to provide passive immunity to one or more infectious diseases
Immunity
Resistance to infection
Immunizations
The process in which s person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease
Passive immunity
Type of immunity occurring from the administration of ready made antibodies form another individual or animal
Toxin
Poisonous substance
Toxoid
Attenuated toxin that is capable of stimulating the formation of antitoxins
Vaccine
Substance containing either weakened or killed antigens, developed for the purpose of creating resistance to disease
2 mechanisms of the immune system
Cell mediated defenses, and antibody mediated defenses
Cell mediated immunity depends on
Actions of t lymphocytes
How do t lymphocytes defend against viral, fungal and some bacterial infections
Becomes sensitized bi ‘‘tis first contact with a specific antigen, 2nd exposure to an antigen stimulates multiple reactions acmes at destroying or inactivating antigen, T lymphocytes work with macrophages to destroy antigen, and t lymphocytes attack antigens directly, rather than produce antibodies
What is humoral immunity based on
Antigen-antibody response
What do b lymphocytes produce
Circulating antibodies as a defense against an antigen
Artificially acquired active immunity
Killed or attenuated viruses act as antigens
Naturally acquired active immunity
Invading viruses and bacteria act as antigen
Diseases preventable by vaccine
Haemophilus influenzae type B, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, influenza, mumps, measles, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus, varicella
Diseases or preventable by vaccine before travel to an endemic area
Cholera, diphtheria, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, smallpox, typhoid, yellow fever
Vaccines and toxoids use
Routine immunization of infants and children, immunization of adults against tetanus, immunization of adults at high risk for certain diseases, immunization of children and adults at risk for exposure to a particular disease, immunization of prepubertal girls or non pregnant women of childbearing age against rubella
Elderly immunization consideration
Fewer antibodies are produced in elderly , and greater amount of antigen is needed in vaccines
Immune globulins
Solutions obtained from human or animal blood containing antibodies that have been formed by the body to specific antigens (passive immunity)
Immune globulins use
Provide passive immunization to one or more infectious diseases
Antivenins use
Passive and transient protection from the toxic effects of bites by spiders and snakes
Vaccines and toxoids side effects
Chills, fever, muscular aches, rash, lethargy, pain and tenderness at injection site,
Immune globulins side effects nature
Rare , last for several hours
Vaccines and toxoids side effects nature
Mild
Immune globulins side effects
Local tenderness and pain at injection sire, urticaria, angioedema, erythema, malaise, diarrhea, headache, chills, and fever
Immune globulins with equine and rabbit serum side effect
Can produce Ana anaphylactic reactions
Antivenins side effects
Hypersensitivity p, apprehension, flushing, itching, urticaria, edema of the face, tongue and throat, cough, dyspnea, vomiting, cyanosis, and collapse
Antivenins side effects nature
Occur within 30 mins after administration
Measles’s, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccines contraindications
Allergy to gelatin, neomycin, pregnancy (esp in 1st trimester), avoid pregnancy at least 3 months after getting vaccines
Vaccines and toxoids contraindications
Acute febrile illnesses, leukemia, lymphoma, immunosuppressive illness or therapy and non localized cancer
Immunization contraindications
Moderate or severe illness, anaphylactoid reactions, known allergy, esp gelatin, eggs,and neomycin, immunologic deficiency, administration of steroids, radiation therapy, and antineoplastic therapy,
Immune globulins and antivenins precautions
Pregnancy (cat C) and lactation , children
Immune globulins contraindications
Isolated immunoglobulin A deficiency
Antivenins contraindications
Allergy to equine serum
Vaccines and toxoids interactions
Not administered within 3 months of immune globulin administration, corticosteroids, antineoplastics and radiation therapy depress the immune system to such a degree that insufficient numbers of antibodies are produced to prevent the disease
Varicella vaccination interactions
When salicylates are given with this, increased risk of reye syndrome developing
Immune globulin interactions
Interfere with the immune response to live virus vaccines (esp measles, mumps and rubella), live virus vaccines should be administered 14 to 30 days before or 6 to 12 weeks after administration of immune globulins
Vaccine preparations should be
Refrigerated
Routine bacterial vaccines ex
Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate, meningococcal, pneumococcal,
Bacterial vaccines for special populations ex
BCG, pneumococcal, typhoid
Viral routine vaccines ex
Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, hepatitis A (inactivated), hepatitis B (recombinant), poliovirus (inactivated), varicella
Viral vaccines for special populations ex
HPV, meassles(live, attenuated), mumps (live), rubella (live), influenza A and B, avian influenza, rotavirus, rabies vaccine, zoster (live)
Routine toxoids ex
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DtaP)
Toxoids for special populations ex
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, combined (DTTd)
Immune globulins ex
Botulism, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, lymphocyte, antithymocyte, rabies, Rh, respiratory syncytial virus, tetanus, varicella zoster
Antivenins ex
Crotalidae polyvalent, micrurus fulvius
