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Pharmacology HOSA > General Principles > Flashcards

General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

A drug is moved from site of administration to body fluids (1st step in pharmacokinetics)

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2
Q

Adverse reaction

A

Undesirable drug effect

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3
Q

Allergic reaction

A

Immediate hypersensitive reaction by the immune system, usually presents as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing

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4
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated

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5
Q

Angioedema

A

Localized wheals or swelling in subcutaneous tissues or mucous membranes which may be caused by an allergic response, aka angioneurotic edema

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6
Q

Controlled substances

A

Drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency, both physical and psychological, most carefully monitored, prescriptions for these monitored by the DEA (agencies dispensing controlled substances must count them every 8-12 hours

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7
Q

Cumulative drug effect

A

When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given

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8
Q

Complementary/ alternative medicine (CAM)

A

Group of diverse medical practices or products not presently part of conventional medicine

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9
Q

Distribution

A

Drug moves form circulation to body tissue or target site

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10
Q

Drug idiosyncrasy

A

Any unusual or abnormal response that differs form the response normally expected to a specific drug and dosage

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11
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve desired effect

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12
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of drug from the body

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13
Q

First pass effect

A

Action by high an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly through the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before it enters the general bloodstream

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14
Q

Half life

A

Time it takes for body to eliminate half the drug

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15
Q

Herbal medicine

A

Type of complimentary/alternative therapy that uses plants or herbs to treat various disorders

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16
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Undesirable reaction produced by a normal immune system

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

Drug is changed to a from that can be excreted

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18
Q

Metabolite

A

Inactive form of the original drug

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19
Q

Nonprescription Drugs

A

Drugs designed by the FDA to be safe and obtainable without a prescription aka OTC, reading directions is important, OTC doesn’t mean no risks

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20
Q

Pharmaceutic

A

Pertaining to the phase during which a drug dissolved in the body, liquid or injection drugs absorb the fastest, and solid forms of a drug go through this in the GI tract

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21
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body

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22
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of drug transit or activity after administration, includes ADME,

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23
Q

Physical dependency

A

Habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation

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24
Q

Prescription drugs

A

Drugs the federal government has designated as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a licensed healthcare provider such as nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist, may cause different reactions in different people

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25
Q

Psychological dependency

A

Compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

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26
Q

Receptor

A

A reactive site on the surface of a cell, when a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response occurs

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27
Q

Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)

A

FDA program designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk to benefit ratio, outlines specific educational requirements of healthcare providers,

28
Q

Tetratogen

A

Drug or substance that causes abnormal development if the fetus, leading to deformities

29
Q

Toxic

A

Poisonous or harmful

30
Q

Chemical name

A

Describes molecular structure of drug, usually chemical component of drug

31
Q

Generic name

A

Official name, name given to the drug that can be made or marketed by any company and is nonproprietary, given by FDA and found in the National Formulary and US Pharmacopeia

32
Q

3 categories FDA assigns

A

Prescription, no prescription, controlled substance

33
Q

Controlled substances act

A

Divided Drugs into 5 schedules

34
Q

Drug development

A

Pre-FDA Phase: in vitro testing in animal and human cells, then studies in live animals

FDA phase: clinical (human) testing, phase 1= 20-100 healthy volunteers to see what drug does on healthy tissue, phase 2= drug is given to people with the disease, phase 3= drug given to a large number of people in medical research centers, then a NDA is submitted and the FDA either approves or denies it, if accepted, there is still post-marketing surveillance

35
Q

orphan drug program

A

passed to encourage development and marketing if products for rare diseases, provides incentives such as research grants, protocol assistance by FDA, and tax credits

36
Q

Accelerated programs

A

used as a means to make products more accessible faster for those with life threatening illnesses, essentially makes drugs available on the market before a final approval

37
Q

How can absorption be accomplished? (Active Transport)

A

cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

38
Q

How can absorption be accomplished? (passive transport)

A

no cellular energy is used as the drug moves from a low concentration to a high concentration area (small molecules diffuse across cell membrane

39
Q

How can absorption be accomplished? (pinocytosis)

A

cells engulf the drug particle (cell forms a vesicle to transport the drug to the inner cell)

40
Q

what influences the rate of absorption

A

route of administration, solubility, specific conditions in body tissues

41
Q

during distribution, a drug can only produce a therapeutic effect if it is…

A

free. Drugs bound to protein in the bloodstream are pharmacologically inactive, and can only produce therapeutic effect when the proteins release the drug into tissues

42
Q

where are drugs distributed the fastest

A

organs with the largest blood supply, (ex. heart, liver and kidneys) slowest in internal organs, skin and muscle

43
Q

what types of drugs cross the cell membrane the easiest

A

lipid soluble, and water soluble cross the cell membrane the hardest

44
Q

where are most drugs metabolized

A

liver, but kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa also aid in metabolism of drugs

45
Q

onset of action

A

time between administration and onset of its therapeutic effects

46
Q

peak concentration

A

when absorption rate equals elimination rate

47
Q

duration of action

A

length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect

48
Q

how does a drug exert its actin

A

2 main ways: alteration in cellular function, and alteration in cellular environment

49
Q

alteration in cellular function

A

increase or decrease certain physiologic functions, like heart rate, blood pressure or urine output

50
Q

receptor mediated drug action

A

when a drug molecule selectively joins with a receptor site

51
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds with the receptor and stimulates it to provide a therapeutic response

52
Q

antagonist

A

joins with a receptor bu doesn’t stimulate it, therapeutic effect come form blocking the receptors actions

53
Q

alteration in cellular environment

A

include changes in osmotic pressure, lubrication, absorption, or the conditions in the surface of the cell membrane

54
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

study of how peoples responses to medications are different because of individual genetic variation

55
Q

when does allergy to a drug begin to occur

A

when more than one dose of the drug has been given

56
Q

why does a drug allergy occur

A

body treats drug as a foreign substance

57
Q

which allergic reactions are the most serious

A

typically ones that occur the fastest

58
Q

allergic symptoms

A

itching, skin rashes, hives (urticaria), difficulty breathing, wheezing, cyanosis (sudden loss of consciousness), and swelling of the eyes, lips, or tongue

59
Q

treatment goal of anaphylactic shock

A

raise blood pressure, improve breathing, restore cardiac function, and treat other symptoms as they occur (can inject epinepherine in the upper arm or thigh)

60
Q

when is cumulative drug effect most common

A

in patients with kidney or liver disease

61
Q

additive drug reaction

A

combined effect of each drug is equal to the sum of each drug given alone

62
Q

synergistic drug effect

A

drugs produce an effect that is greater than their individual effects

63
Q

antagonistic reaction

A

when when one drug interacts with another so that it neutralizes the effects of one of the drugs

64
Q

factors influencing drug response

A

age (children and elderly require smaller doses), weight (doses may need to be increased if the patient is overweight or vice versa), sex (women may require smaller doses), diseases, routes of administration (oral requires a higher dose than IV)

65
Q

herbal preparations

A

not necessarily safe because they have less testing

Pharmacology HOSA (37 decks)

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