Antibiotics Flashcards
Cephalosporins MOA
Target the bacterial cell wall, and are usually bactericidal, have a beta lactam ring
Cephalosporins first generation ex
Cephalexin, cefazolin
Cephalosporins penicillin cross sensitivity
For people with moderate penicillin allergies
If they went into anaphylactic shock with penicillin, DONT GIVE.
Flouroquinolones ex.
-floxacin
Ciprofloxacin (most common), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gemifloxacin
Flouroquinolones side effects
Achilles’ tendon rupture, photosensitivity, nausea, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain or discomfort, dizzines, superinfections
Flouroquinolones DON’Ts
Children younger than 18, pregnancy (cat C), patients whose lifestyles don’t allow for adherence to precautions regarding photosensitivity
Lincosamides ex
-mycin: lincomycin, clindamycin, pirlimycin
Lincosamides use
Serious infections where penicillin and erythromycin don’t work, gram positive and negative
Lincosamides MOA
Inhibit protein synthesis by disrupting functional ability of ribosomes
Lincosamides reactions
Abdominal pain, esophagitis, blood dyscrasias, skin rash, pseudomembranous colitis
Lincosamides DON’Ts
Infants younger than 1 month, taking cisapride or pimozide, with minor bacterial or viral infections
Tetracyclines ex
-cycline: tetracycline and doxycycline
Tetracyclines MOA + fact
Block protein synthesis, and really bad if expired, bacteriostatic, resistance is an issue
Tetracyclines side effects
epigastric distress, stomatitis, sore throat, skin rashes, photosensitivity
Tetracyclines DON’Ts
give to kids under 9, give to pregnant women (cat D), lactating, yellow-gray-brown teeth
Penicillin and aminopenicillins ex
-illin: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin
Penicillins and aminopenicillins facts
Allergy is common, susceptible to resistance, works with gram + only
Penicillins and aminopenicillins MOA
Disrupting cell wall
Aminoglycosides ex
-micin/-mycin: Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin (GNATS) + kanamycin+ paromycin
Aminoglycosides MOA
Block protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome from reading the mRNA
Aminoglycosides fact
Very toxic and potent
Aminoglycosides serious adverse effects
Renal toxicity, ototoxicity, tinnitus, must monitor peak and trough, neurotoxicity
Macrolides ex
-thromycin: azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, (ACE), +telithromycin
Macrolides MOA
Change protein synthesis, can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Macrolides side effects
abdominal pain and cramping, GI distress (ex. C. Diff. Colitis)
Sulfonamides MOA
Stops bacteria from reproducing, inhibit the activity of folic acid in bacterial cell metabolism
Sulfonamides ex
Sulf-
Oral: sulfisoxazole, sulfamethizole, sulfasalazine
Topical: silver sulfadiazine, mafenide, sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide
Sulfonamides indications
UTIs, acute otitis media, ulcerative colitis
Sulfonamides aren’t effective on
Don’t kill group A strep
Sulfonamides DON’Ts
Lactation, children younger than 2, not near end of term pregnancy (cat D)
Sulfonamides side effects
anorexia, abdominal pain, stomatitis, chills, fever, crystalluria, photosensitivity
Aplastic anemia
Blood disorder caused by the damage to the bone marrow resulting in a marked reduction in the number of red blood cells and some white blood cells
Bactericidal
Drug or agent that kills or destroys bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Drug or agent that slows or retards the multiplication of bacteria
Crystalluria
Formation of crystals in the urine
Leukopenia
Decrease in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells)
Pruritus
Itching
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
Fever, cough, muscular aches and pains, headache, and lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and ayes, the lesions appear as red wheals or blisters, often starting on the face, in the mouth, or on the lips, neck and extremities
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased number of platelets in the blood
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
Toxic skin reaction with sloughing of skin and mucous membranes
Urticaria
Hives, itchy wheals on the skin resulting from contact with or ingestion of an allergenic substance or food
Mafenide indications
2nd and 3rd degree burn
Silver sulfadiazine indications
2nd and 3rd degree burns
Signs of an allergic reaction to sulfonamides
Urticaria, pruritus, generalized skin eruption, TEN, or SJS
Topical sulfonamides side effects
Burning, rash, itching, edema, urticaria
Silver sulfadiazine side effects
Burning, rash, itching
Hematologic side effects with prolonged sulfonamide therapy
Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia
What can occur if sulfonamides are given near the end of pregnancy
Significantly high blood drug levels, it can cause jaundice or hemolytic anemia in the infant
Sulfonamides precautions
Renal impairment, hepatic impairment or bronchial asthma, pregnancy cat C, except at end of term (cat D)
Sulfonamide interactions
Increased action of oral anticoagulants, methotrexate increased bone marrow suppression, and increase serum level of hydantoins
What to do if diabetic patients are given sulfonamides
Asses fro a possible hypoglycemic reaction
How to prevent crystalluria with sulfonamides
Increase fluid intake to over 2000 mL per day
Sulfasalazine side effects
May cause skin and urine to turn orange-yellow
Sulfadiazine sudeeffects
Chills, fever, anorexia, crystaluria, stomatitis, urticaria, pruritus, SJS
Beta lactam ring
Portion of the penicillin drug molecule that can break a bacterial cell wall
Cross sensitivity
Allergy to drugs in the same or related groups
Culture and sensitivity test
Culture if bacteria to determine to which antibiotic the microorganism is sensitive
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
Malaise
Discomfort, uneasiness
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Bacterium that is resistant to methicillin
Nephrotoxicity
Damage to the kidneys by a toxic substance
Otitis media
Infection of the middle ear
Pathogens
Disease producing microorganisms
Penicillinase
Enzyme produced by bacteria that deactivates penicillin
Perioperative
Pertaining to the preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative period
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Prophylaxis
Prevention
Pseudomembranous colitis
Sever, life threatening form of diarrhea that occurs when normal flora of the bowel is eliminated and replaced with Clostridium difficile (C. diff) bacteria
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with clot formations
4 groups of penicillins
Natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, and extended spectrum penicillins
Beta lactamase inhibitors ex
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam
Beta lactamase inhibitors MOA
Bind with the penicillin and protect it from destruction
Penicillins beta lactamase inhibitors combinations
Augmenting, unasyn, zosyn
Augmentin Combo
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
Unasyn combo
Combination of ampicillin and sulbactam
Zosyn combo
Combo of piperacillin and tazobactam
Penicillins infectious disease use
UTIs, septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, STIs (syphilis), pneumonia and other respiratory infections, prophylaxis in patients with viral infections
What is used as initial therapy for any suspected staphylococcal infection
Penicillinase resistant penicillins
Penicillin side effects general
Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, furry tongue
Penicillin side effects IM
Pain at injection site