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Pharmacology HOSA > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalosporins MOA

A

Target the bacterial cell wall, and are usually bactericidal, have a beta lactam ring

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2
Q

Cephalosporins first generation ex

A

Cephalexin, cefazolin

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3
Q

Cephalosporins penicillin cross sensitivity

A

For people with moderate penicillin allergies

If they went into anaphylactic shock with penicillin, DONT GIVE.

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4
Q

Flouroquinolones ex.

A

-floxacin

Ciprofloxacin (most common), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gemifloxacin

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5
Q

Flouroquinolones side effects

A

Achilles’ tendon rupture, photosensitivity, nausea, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain or discomfort, dizzines, superinfections

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6
Q

Flouroquinolones DON’Ts

A

Children younger than 18, pregnancy (cat C), patients whose lifestyles don’t allow for adherence to precautions regarding photosensitivity

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7
Q

Lincosamides ex

A

-mycin: lincomycin, clindamycin, pirlimycin

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8
Q

Lincosamides use

A

Serious infections where penicillin and erythromycin don’t work, gram positive and negative

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9
Q

Lincosamides MOA

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by disrupting functional ability of ribosomes

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10
Q

Lincosamides reactions

A

Abdominal pain, esophagitis, blood dyscrasias, skin rash, pseudomembranous colitis

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11
Q

Lincosamides DON’Ts

A

Infants younger than 1 month, taking cisapride or pimozide, with minor bacterial or viral infections

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12
Q

Tetracyclines ex

A

-cycline: tetracycline and doxycycline

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13
Q

Tetracyclines MOA + fact

A

Block protein synthesis, and really bad if expired, bacteriostatic, resistance is an issue

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14
Q

Tetracyclines side effects

A

epigastric distress, stomatitis, sore throat, skin rashes, photosensitivity

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15
Q

Tetracyclines DON’Ts

A

give to kids under 9, give to pregnant women (cat D), lactating, yellow-gray-brown teeth

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16
Q

Penicillin and aminopenicillins ex

A

-illin: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin

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17
Q

Penicillins and aminopenicillins facts

A

Allergy is common, susceptible to resistance, works with gram + only

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18
Q

Penicillins and aminopenicillins MOA

A

Disrupting cell wall

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides ex

A

-micin/-mycin: Gentamycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin (GNATS) + kanamycin+ paromycin

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20
Q

Aminoglycosides MOA

A

Block protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome from reading the mRNA

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21
Q

Aminoglycosides fact

A

Very toxic and potent

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22
Q

Aminoglycosides serious adverse effects

A

Renal toxicity, ototoxicity, tinnitus, must monitor peak and trough, neurotoxicity

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23
Q

Macrolides ex

A

-thromycin: azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, (ACE), +telithromycin

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24
Q

Macrolides MOA

A

Change protein synthesis, can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal

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25
Q

Macrolides side effects

A

abdominal pain and cramping, GI distress (ex. C. Diff. Colitis)

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26
Q

Sulfonamides MOA

A

Stops bacteria from reproducing, inhibit the activity of folic acid in bacterial cell metabolism

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27
Q

Sulfonamides ex

A

Sulf-
Oral: sulfisoxazole, sulfamethizole, sulfasalazine
Topical: silver sulfadiazine, mafenide, sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide

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28
Q

Sulfonamides indications

A

UTIs, acute otitis media, ulcerative colitis

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29
Q

Sulfonamides aren’t effective on

A

Don’t kill group A strep

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30
Q

Sulfonamides DON’Ts

A

Lactation, children younger than 2, not near end of term pregnancy (cat D)

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31
Q

Sulfonamides side effects

A

anorexia, abdominal pain, stomatitis, chills, fever, crystalluria, photosensitivity

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32
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Blood disorder caused by the damage to the bone marrow resulting in a marked reduction in the number of red blood cells and some white blood cells

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33
Q

Bactericidal

A

Drug or agent that kills or destroys bacteria

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34
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Drug or agent that slows or retards the multiplication of bacteria

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35
Q

Crystalluria

A

Formation of crystals in the urine

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36
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells)

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37
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

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38
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

A

Fever, cough, muscular aches and pains, headache, and lesions of the skin, mucous membranes and ayes, the lesions appear as red wheals or blisters, often starting on the face, in the mouth, or on the lips, neck and extremities

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39
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased number of platelets in the blood

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40
Q

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

A

Toxic skin reaction with sloughing of skin and mucous membranes

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41
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives, itchy wheals on the skin resulting from contact with or ingestion of an allergenic substance or food

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42
Q

Mafenide indications

A

2nd and 3rd degree burn

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43
Q

Silver sulfadiazine indications

A

2nd and 3rd degree burns

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44
Q

Signs of an allergic reaction to sulfonamides

A

Urticaria, pruritus, generalized skin eruption, TEN, or SJS

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45
Q

Topical sulfonamides side effects

A

Burning, rash, itching, edema, urticaria

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46
Q

Silver sulfadiazine side effects

A

Burning, rash, itching

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47
Q

Hematologic side effects with prolonged sulfonamide therapy

A

Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia

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48
Q

What can occur if sulfonamides are given near the end of pregnancy

A

Significantly high blood drug levels, it can cause jaundice or hemolytic anemia in the infant

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49
Q

Sulfonamides precautions

A

Renal impairment, hepatic impairment or bronchial asthma, pregnancy cat C, except at end of term (cat D)

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50
Q

Sulfonamide interactions

A

Increased action of oral anticoagulants, methotrexate increased bone marrow suppression, and increase serum level of hydantoins

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51
Q

What to do if diabetic patients are given sulfonamides

A

Asses fro a possible hypoglycemic reaction

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52
Q

How to prevent crystalluria with sulfonamides

A

Increase fluid intake to over 2000 mL per day

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53
Q

Sulfasalazine side effects

A

May cause skin and urine to turn orange-yellow

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54
Q

Sulfadiazine sudeeffects

A

Chills, fever, anorexia, crystaluria, stomatitis, urticaria, pruritus, SJS

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55
Q

Beta lactam ring

A

Portion of the penicillin drug molecule that can break a bacterial cell wall

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56
Q

Cross sensitivity

A

Allergy to drugs in the same or related groups

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57
Q

Culture and sensitivity test

A

Culture if bacteria to determine to which antibiotic the microorganism is sensitive

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58
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue

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59
Q

Malaise

A

Discomfort, uneasiness

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60
Q

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

Bacterium that is resistant to methicillin

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61
Q

Nephrotoxicity

A

Damage to the kidneys by a toxic substance

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62
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of the middle ear

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63
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease producing microorganisms

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64
Q

Penicillinase

A

Enzyme produced by bacteria that deactivates penicillin

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65
Q

Perioperative

A

Pertaining to the preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative period

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66
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

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67
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Prevention

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68
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A

Sever, life threatening form of diarrhea that occurs when normal flora of the bowel is eliminated and replaced with Clostridium difficile (C. diff) bacteria

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69
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein with clot formations

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70
Q

4 groups of penicillins

A

Natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, and extended spectrum penicillins

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71
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitors ex

A

Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam

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72
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitors MOA

A

Bind with the penicillin and protect it from destruction

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73
Q

Penicillins beta lactamase inhibitors combinations

A

Augmenting, unasyn, zosyn

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74
Q

Augmentin Combo

A

Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

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75
Q

Unasyn combo

A

Combination of ampicillin and sulbactam

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76
Q

Zosyn combo

A

Combo of piperacillin and tazobactam

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77
Q

Penicillins infectious disease use

A

UTIs, septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, STIs (syphilis), pneumonia and other respiratory infections, prophylaxis in patients with viral infections

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78
Q

What is used as initial therapy for any suspected staphylococcal infection

A

Penicillinase resistant penicillins

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79
Q

Penicillin side effects general

A

Glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, furry tongue

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80
Q

Penicillin side effects IM

A

Pain at injection site

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81
Q

Penicillin side effects IV

A

Vein irritation and phlebitis

82
Q

Penicillin allergic reactions

A

Skin rash, urticaria, sneezing, wheezing, pruritus, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, angioedema, hypotension, signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness (chills, fever, edema, joint and muscle pain, malaise)

83
Q

Penicillin severe adverse reactions

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, bone marrow depression

84
Q

Penicillin contraindications

A

History of allergy to penicillin or cephalosporins

85
Q

Penicillin precautions

A

Renal disease, asthma, bleeding disorders, GI disease, pregnancy (cat C), lactation (may cause diarrhea or candidiasis in infant)

86
Q

Penicillin interactions

A

Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives with ampicillin or penicillin V, tetracyclines decrease effectiveness of penicillins, anticoagulants increase risk of bleeding with large doses of penicillins, beta blockers increase risk for an anaphylactic reaction

87
Q

First vs 4th generation cephalosporins

A

Progression form 1st to 4th shows an increase in sensitivity to gram negative and a decrease in sensitivity to gram positive

88
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd generation ex

A

Cefaclor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cefotetan, cefprozil

89
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd generation ex

A

Cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefdinir, cefditoren, ceflixime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidine, ceftibuten

90
Q

Cephalosporins 4th generation ex

91
Q

Cephalosporins fifth generation ex

A

Ceftaroline, ceftobiprole

92
Q

Cephalosporins uses

A

Respiratory infections, otitis media, bone and joint infections, complicated interabdominal or genitourinary tract infections, primary drug in post sexual assault medication protocols

93
Q

Cephalosporins GI adverse reactions

A

Nausea, vomiting diarrhea

94
Q

Cephalosporins general reactions

A

Headache, dizziness, malaise, heartburn, fever, nephrotoxicity, aplastic anemia, toxic epidermal necrolysis, bacterial or fungal superinfection (pseudomembranous colitis)

95
Q

Cephalosporins hypersensitivity signs

A

Pruritus, urticaria, skin rashes, SJS, hepatic and renal dysfunction

96
Q

Cephalosporins side effects IM

A

Pain, tenderness and inflammation at the injection site

97
Q

Cephalosporins IV reactions

A

Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis along the vein

98
Q

Cephalosporins precautions

A

Renal disease, hepatic impairment, bleeding disorder, pregnancy (cat B), and known penicillin allergy

99
Q

Cephalosporins interactions

A

Aminoglycosides increase risk for nephrotoxicity, oral anticoagulants increase risk for bleeding, loop diuretics increase cephalosporins blood level, alcohol

100
Q

Carbapenems MOA

A

Inhibit synth is of the bacterial cell wall and cause the death of susceptible cells

101
Q

Vancomycin synthetic derivative drugs

A

Televancin, and oritavancin

102
Q

Vancomycin MOA

A

Act against gram positive bacteria, and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, and increase cell wall permeability

103
Q

Monobactams MOA

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

104
Q

Monobactam ex

105
Q

Meropenem use

A

Intro abdominal infections and bacterial meningitis

106
Q

Imipenem-cilastatin use

A

Serious infections, endocarditis, and septicemia

107
Q

Doripenem use

A

Intra-abdominal and complicated UTIs cause ny bacteria

108
Q

Televancin use

A

Complicated skin and skin structure infections

109
Q

Oritavancin use

A

Complicated skin and skin structure infections

110
Q

Vancomycin use

A

Treatment of serious gram positive infections that don’t respond to treatment with other anti invectives, treating anti infective associated pseudomembranous colitis

111
Q

Monobactams use

A

Gram negative bacteria

112
Q

Carbapenems side effects

A

Access or phlebitis at the injection site

113
Q

Vancomycin side effects

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (especially in patients with pre-existing kidney disease), chills, fever, urticaria, sudden fall in blood pressure with parenteral administration

114
Q

Carbapenems contraindications

A

Allergy to cephalosporins and penicillin, and renal failure

115
Q

Aztreonam contraindications

A

Allergy to cephalosporins and penicillins, and renal failure

116
Q

Televancin contraindications

A

Allergy to cephalosporins, and penicillins, and renal failure

117
Q

Carbapenems precautions

A

Children under 3 months, pregnancy (cat B), lactation, CNS disorders, seizure disorders, hepatic failure

118
Q

Carbapenems interactions

A

Carbapenems excretion inhibited with use of probenecid

119
Q

Televancin precautions

A

Children younger than 3 months, pregnancy (cat B), lactation

120
Q

Aztreonam precautions

A

Children younger than 3 months, pregnancy (cat B), lactation, hepatic and renal impairment

121
Q

Vancomycin precautions

A

Renal or hearing impairment, pregnancy (cat C), lactation

122
Q

Vancomycin interactions

A

Additive effects with other ototoxic and nephrotoxic Drugs, anticoagulants increase risk of bleeding

123
Q

1st generation cephalosporins side effects

A

Superinfection, nephrotoxicity, Headache, SJS, pseudomembranous colitis

124
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins side effects

A

Nephrotoxicity, headache, hematologic reactions

125
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins side effects

A

Same as 2nd generation

126
Q

4th generation cephalosporins side effects

A

Same as 2nd generations

127
Q

Carbapenems ex

A

Doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem

128
Q

Ceftobiprole side effects

A

Taste changes

129
Q

Blood dyscrasias

A

Abnormality if blood cell structure

130
Q

Enteric coated

A

Special coating on the drug that prevents absorption until drug reaches small bowel

131
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Stomach bacterium that causes peptic ulcer

132
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

133
Q

Hepatic coma

A

Coma induced by liver disease

134
Q

Neuromuscular blockade

A

Acute muscle paralysis and apnea

135
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of breathing

136
Q

Neurotoxicity

A

Damage to the nervous system by a toxic substance

137
Q

Ototoxicity

A

Damage to the organs of hearing by a toxic substance

138
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in the urine

139
Q

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium (VREF)

A

Bacteria resistant to the drug vancomycin

140
Q

Tetracyclines uses

A

When penicillin is contraindicated, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, tick fever, intestinal amebiasis, some skin and soft tissue infections, uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis, severe acne

141
Q

How to treat helicobacter pylori

A

Tetracyclines with metronidazole, and bismuth salicylate

142
Q

Tetracyclines precautions

A

Impaired renal function, liver impairment

143
Q

Tetracyclines interactions

A

Antacids decrease tetracycline effectiveness, oral anticoagulants increase risk of bleeding, decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives (breakthrough bleeding or pregnancy), increased risk for digitalis toxicity with digoxin

144
Q

Aminoglycosides uses

A

Gram negative, reduce bacteria in the bowel during abdominal surgery or hepatic coma (bowel prep)

145
Q

What aminoglycosides are used in the management of a hepatic coma

A

Kanamycin, neomycin, and paromycin

146
Q

Aminoglycosides side effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, rash, urticaria

147
Q

Nephrotoxicity signs

A

Proteinuria, hematuria, increase in blood urea nitrogen level, decrease in urine output, increase in serum creatinine levels

148
Q

Ototoxicity signs

A

Tinnitus, roaring in ears, vertigo, mild to severe loss of hearing

149
Q

Neurotoxicity signs

A

Numbness, skin tingling, circumoral paresthesia, tremors, muscle twitching, convulsions, muscle weakness, and neuromuscular blockade

150
Q

Aminoglycosides contraindications

A

Pre-existing hearing loss, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson’s disease, lactation or pregnancy (cat C, except gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, tobramycin, and kanamycin which are cat D), and long term therapy

151
Q

Aminoglycosides precautions

A

Elderly, renal failure, neuromuscular disorders

152
Q

Aminoglycosides interactions

A

Cephalosporins increase risk for nephrotoxicity, loop diuretics increase risk for ototoxicity, and pavulon or anectine (general anesthetics) increase risk of neuromuscular blockade

153
Q

Macrolides uses

A

Prophylaxis before dental and other procedures in high risk patients allergic to penicillin, gram negative and gram positive, acne vulgaris and skin infections, upper respiratory infections caused by haemophilus influenzae along with sulfonamides

154
Q

Macrolides contraindications

A

Pre existing liver disease

155
Q

Telithromycin side effects

A

Visual disturbance

156
Q

Telithromycin contraindications

A

Taking cisapride or pimozide

157
Q

Macrolides precautions

A

Liver dysfunctions, myasthenia gravis,

158
Q

Azithromycin side effects

A

QT prolongation

159
Q

Azithromycin pregnancy cat

160
Q

Erythromycin pregnancy cat

161
Q

Clarithromycin pregnancy cat

162
Q

Telithromycin pregnancy cat

163
Q

Macrolides interactions

A

Antacids decrease absorption and effectiveness of macrolides, increased serum levels of digoxin, increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulants, increased theophylline serum levels, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol decrease therapeutic activity of macrolides

164
Q

Lincosamides precautions

A

History of GI disorders, renal disease, liver impairment, myasthenia gravis

165
Q

Lincosamides interactions

A

Antacids decrease lincosamides absorption, and increased action of neuromuscular blocking drugs, possible leading to severe respiratory depression

166
Q

Daptomycin MOA

A

Interfere with protein synthesis

167
Q

Linezolid MOA

A

Interfere with protein synthesis

168
Q

Daptomycin use

A

Complicated skin and skin structure infections and staph aureus infections of the blood

169
Q

Linezolid use

A

Skin and skin structure infections caused by MSRA, and treatment of VREF, and healthcare acquired and community acquired pneumonia

170
Q

Quinupristin/dalfopristin MOA

A

Interfere with protege synthesis, bacteriostatic

171
Q

Quinupristin/dalfopristin use

172
Q

Quinupristin/dalfoprisitin side effect

A

Vein irritations

173
Q

Linezolid contraindications

A

Pregnancy (cat C), lactating, PKU

174
Q

Daptomycin contraindications

A

Pregnancy (cat B), lactation

175
Q

Quinupristin/dalfopristin contraindications

A

Pregnancy (cat B), lactation

176
Q

Linezolid precautions

A

Bone marrow depression, hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism

177
Q

Linezolid interactions

A

Antiplatelet drugs cause increased risk of bleeding and thrombocytopenia, decreased effectiveness of MAOIs, large amounts of food containing tyramine comes with risk of severe hypertension

178
Q

Daptomycin interactions

A

Statins cause myopathy with elevated creative phosphokinase levels (CPK)

179
Q

Daptomycin precautions

180
Q

Quinupristin/dalfopristin interactions

A

Increased serum levels of antiretrovirals, antineoplastics, and immunosuppressants, CCBs, benzodiazepines, and cisapride

181
Q

Tetracyclines administration

A

Empty stomach

182
Q

Erythromycin administrations

A

Empty stomach

183
Q

Azithromycin administration

A

Empty stomach

184
Q

Lincosamides administrations

A

Empty stomach

185
Q

Daptomycin side effects

A

Vein irritation

186
Q

Linezolid side effects

A

Headache, insomnia, pseudomembranous colitis

187
Q

Quinupristin/dalfopristin side effects

A

Vein inflammation

188
Q

Extended release

A

Formulation in which drug is released over time

189
Q

Superinfections

A

Overgrowth of bacterial or fungal microorganisms not affected by the antibiotic being administered

190
Q

Flouroquinolones MOA

A

Interfering with synthesis of bacterial DNA, bactericidal

191
Q

Flouroquinolones sues

A

Gram positive and gram negative, lower respiratory infections, bone and joint infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, STIs

192
Q

Who is most likely to develop a super infection while taking antibiotics

A

Elderly, debilitated, chronically ill, and taking antibiotics for an extended period of time

193
Q

Symptoms of bacterial superinfections of the bowel

A

Diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, rectal bleeding, fever, abdominal cramping

194
Q

Symptoms of fungal superinfections

A

Lesions of the mouth and tongue, vaginal discharge, or anal or vaginal itching

195
Q

Who is at the highest risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture when taking flouroquinolones

A

Older than 60 taking corticosteroids

196
Q

Flouroquinolones precautions

A

Diabetes, renal impairment, history of seizures, older patients, patients on dialysis

197
Q

Flouroquinolones interactions

A

Increase serum levels of theophylline, cimetidine interferes with elimination of antibiotics, oral anticoagulants increase risk of bleeding, antacids decrease absorption of antibiotics, and NSAIDs increase risk of seizure activity, risk of cardiac arrhythmia when given with drugs increase QT interval

198
Q

Gemifloxacin side effects

A

Restlessness, dizziness, confusion, taste changes, sleep disturbances

199
Q

Metronidazole use

A

Anaerobic microorganism in bone, skin, CNS, internal body cavity, respiratory system

200
Q

Metronidazole side effects

A

Peripheral neuropathy, alcohol interactions

201
Q

Rifaximin use

A

Hepatic encephalopathy, irritable bowel syndrome, C. diff infection

202
Q

Rifaximin side effects

Pharmacology HOSA (37 decks)

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