Antiviral Drugs Flashcards
Circumoral
Circling or surrounding the mouth
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Multiple drugs used together for treatment of HIV infection
Host cell
A live cell (either plant or animal) where a virus embeds itself to reproduce
Retinitis
Inflammation of retina of eyeball
Retrovirus
Virus that uses RNA as its primary component instead of DNA
Unlabeled use
Use of a drug to treat a condition that isn’t officially approved by the FDA
Antivirals MOA
Attempt to disable to protein part of the virus, and attempts to prevent the virus form removing the protein capsule, keeping the genetic material from spilling out into the host cell
Antiviral uses
Cytomegalovirus (ex: retinitis), CMV prevention in transplant recipients, hepatitis B and C, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and herpes zoster, HIV, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus
Antivirals adverse reactions
Nausea, and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, rash, fever, insomnia
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Few symptoms in healthy individuals, symptoms in people with HIV or cancer include malaise, pneumonia, fever and superinfection. CMV can infect eyes
HPV
STI, symptoms minor (many don’t know they are infected), can cause warts, cervical cancer and rare form of throat warts or cancers
Hepatitis B and C
Inflammation of liver, symptoms include fever and joint pains, most people show no signs until disease becomes chronic
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
HSV-1: oral, ocular, or facial infections (painful vesicular lesions
HSV-2: genital herpes
Herpes zoster virus (HZV)
Aka shingles, caused by chickenpox, recovery form childhood chicken pox results in the infection lying dormant and may be reactivated as the immune system weakens
HIV
Transmitted though bodily secretions, destroys immune system, symptoms include chills, fever, night sweats, dry productive cough, dyspnea, lethargy, malaise, fatigue, weight loss and diarrhea
Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)
Highly contagious and affects mainly children, causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia
Cidofovir contraindications
renal impairment or be used with nephrotic meds
Rimantadine precautions
Caution with low blood cell counts, history of epilepsy
Probenecid interactions
Probenecid results in increased serum levels of antivirals,
Types of HAART drugs
Protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors
Antiretrovirals uses
HBV, HIV, and AIDS
Truvada
Combination drug for HIV, includes emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil, is the only antiretroviral approved for the prevention of HIV. Used for pre-exposure prophylaxis
Antiretroviral adverse reactions
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, altered taste,headache, fever, chills, rash, numbness and tingling in the circumoral area
Antiretrovirals contraindications
Lactating women, patients using cisapride, pimozide, triazolam, midazolam, or an ergot derivative. Ritonavir is contraindicated with bupropion, zolpidem, and antiarrhythmics
Antiretorvirals general precautions
Diabetes mellitus, impaired hepatic function, pregnancy (cat B and C), or hemophilia
Antiretrovirals precautions indinavir
Caution with history of kidney or bladder stones
Antiretrovirals precautions didanosine
Patients at risk for pancreatitis, especially elderly
Precautions antiretorvirals fosamprenavir and amprenavir
Caution with sulfonamide allergy
Precautions antiretrovirals protease inhibitors
Ergot derivative shouldn’t be prescribed, grapefruit juice can increase drug concentration and garlic can reduce it. Both shouldn’t be eaten
Antiretroviral interactions
Antifungals result in increased serum level in antiretrovirals, clarithromycin results in increased serum levels in both drugs, interleukins result in risk of antiretroviral toxicity, fentanyl results in increased serum levels of fentanyl, oral contraceptives are less effective, sildenafil results in increased adverse reactions of sildenafil,
Amantidine
Prevention of respiratory tract illness caused by influenza A, similar side effects to cholinergic blocking drugs)
Ribavirin
Can worsen respiratory status, pregnancy category X, women of childbearing age should make sure to not inhale the drug
Protease inhibitors can cause
Redistribution of fat to the center of the body
Ribavirin contraindications
unstable cardiac disease, pregnancy (cat X)
Zanamivir contraindication
zanamivir shouldn’t be used in patients with COPD,
Antivirals pregnancy cat
Most are B or C
Zanamivir precautions
people with renal impairment, and history of respiratory disease
Foscarnet precautions
electrolyte depletion
Adefovfir precautions
patients treated for HBV May experience an exacerbation of hepatitis after stopping drug
Dipivoxil precautions
patients treated for HBV May experience an exacerbation of hepatitis after stopping dipivoxil
entecavir precautions
patients treated for HBV May experience an exacerbation of hepatitis after stopping entecavir
Valacyclovir interactions
cimetidine results in increased serum level of valacyclovir,
Adefovir interactions
ibuprofen results in increased serum levels of adefovir,
Ganciclovir interactions
imipenem-cilastatin results in increased seizure risk when taken with ganciclovir,
Antivirals general interactions
anticholinergic agents result in increased adverse reactions of the anticholinergic,
Acyclovir interactions
and theophylline results in increased serum levels of theophylline when taken with acyclovir
Ritonavir interactions
opioid analgesics haves risk of toxicity when taken with ritonavir, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and antiparasitics have decreased effectiveness with ritonavir
Efavirenz interactions
and rifampin decreases serum levels of antivirals with efavirenz
nevirapine interactions
and rifampin decreases serum levels of antivirals with nevirapine
