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Heart Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Three mechanism that initially maintain CO in HF

A
  1. Frank-starling mechanism
  2. Hypertrophy and/or dilation
  3. Neurohormonal
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2
Q

Parallel formation of new sarcomeres leading hypertrophy is triggered by ____ overload

A

pressure

parameter: wall thickness

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3
Q

Series formation of new sarcomeres leading to dilation is triggered by ____ overload

A

volume

parameter: weight

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4
Q

[diagnosis/type of HF]

liver congestion, spleen congestion, kidneys and brain congestion,

ascites, third spacing, edema
pronounced azotemia

A

RSHF

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5
Q

[type of HF]

DOB, orthopnea, PND, prerenal azotemia, hypoxic encephalopathy

A

LSHF

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6
Q

this marks the irreversibility of CHD lesions

A

pulmonary hypertension

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7
Q

most common type of ASD

A

Ostium Seccundum (90%)

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8
Q

[diagnosis]

fixed, widely split S2, pulmonary-stenosis like murmur, normal aortic knob

A

ASD

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9
Q

most common CHD

A

VSD

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10
Q

most common type of VSD

A

perimembranous

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11
Q

[diagnosis]

continous machinery-like murmur, decreased PVR, decreased PGE2, increased oxygen tension

prominent aortic knob

A

PDA

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12
Q

administration of this maintains patency of PDA

A

PGE2

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13
Q

___ shunt

paradoxical embolism, clubbing, polycythemia

A

right to left shunt

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14
Q

[diagnose this R-L shunt]

increased pBF, RVH

A

TGA or TAPVR

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15
Q

[diagnose this R-L shunt]

increased pBF, LVH

A

TGA+VSD or PTA without hypoplastic PA

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16
Q

[diagnose this R-L shunt]

decreased pBF, LVH

A

TA, Pulmonic atresia

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17
Q

[diagnose this R-L shunt]

decreased pBF, RVH

A

TOF

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18
Q

most common cyanotic CHD

A

TOF

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19
Q

components of TOF

A

VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH

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20
Q

cour en sabot

A

TOF

boot shaped heart

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21
Q

[cyanotic heard disease]

This is associated with PFO, ASD, PDA

apple on a stem appearance

A

TGA

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22
Q

aortic stenosis can lead to ___ hypertrophy

A

LVH

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23
Q

pulmonic stenosis can lead to ___ hypertrophy

A

RVH

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24
Q

[diagnosis]

rib notching on CXR, UE HPN, LVH

location of CoA

A

Opposite the ligamentum arteriosus, distal to the arch

adult type = post ductal

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25
Q

loss of contractility happens in ___ minutes of ischemia

A

less than 2 minutes

26
Q

irreversible injury happens in ____ minutes of ischemia

A

20 to 40 minutes

27
Q

___ marker for myocardial reinfarction

28
Q

Transmural infarction results to permanent occlusion which reflects as ____ type of MI in ECG

29
Q

Subendocardial infarction results to transient occlusion which reflects as ____ type of MI in ECG

30
Q

most common main vessels involved in MI

A

LAD > RCA > LCX

31
Q

___ helps distinguish viable and infarcted tissues after MI (pale zone)

A

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride

32
Q

most sensitive and specific cardiac biomarker

A

cardiac troponin (Trop I and T)

33
Q

___ syndrome

fibrinous pericarditis post MI

A

Dressler Syndrome

34
Q

most common mechanism of sudden cardiac death

A

lethal arrythmia

35
Q

most common cause of arrythmia

A

ischemic injury

36
Q

earliest change in Left sided HF

A

increase transverse diameter of myocytes

37
Q

most common known cause of mitral valve prolapse

A

fibrillin 1 gene defect

38
Q

[diagnosis]

plump activated macrophages (abundant cytoplasm with round to ovoid nuclei and condensed chromatin pattern)

A

Rheumatic fever

39
Q

[diagnosis]
condensed chromatin pattern, slender wavy ribbon

“caterpillar cells”

A

anitschkow cells = Rheumatic fever

40
Q

Most commonly involved heart valve in RHD

41
Q

hallmark if IE

A

vegetation

42
Q

most common cause of acute IE in IV drug users

43
Q

most common cause of subacute IE

A

HACEK

Haemophilus
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella
44
Q

[diagnosis]

vegetations

small, bland vegetations attached to the closure line, loosely attached to the underlying valve

associated with systemic hypercoaguable states

A

NBTE/Marantic endocarditis

45
Q

[diagnosis]

vegetations

small or medium sized vegetation on either or both side of the leaflet

A

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis

46
Q

[diagnosis]

vegetations

friable, bulky, destructive, contains ffibrin, may embolize

47
Q

[diagnosis]

vegetations

calcification and fibrous bridging, along lines of closure, overlying foci of fibrinoid necrosis

48
Q

Causes hypertrophic CM

A
  1. genetic
  2. Friedrich ataxia
  3. storage diseases
  4. Infants of diabetic mothers
49
Q

Amyloidosis is a ___ pattern of cardiomyopathy

A

restrictive

50
Q

cardiomyopathy that mimics IHD, VHD, HHD, CHD

51
Q

cardiomyopathy that mimics HHD and AS

A

hypertophic

52
Q

Most common helminth that cause myocarditis

A

Trichnella spiralis

53
Q

Most common viral cause of myocarditis

A

Coxsackie A, B

Enterovirus

54
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

55
Q

[diagnosis]

ball-valve obstruction, embolization, commonly seen in atria

usually solitary, sessile or pedunculated masses mottled with hemorrhage

56
Q

most common primary cardiac tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

57
Q

[diagnosis]

thin strands of cytoplasm that stretch from the nucleus to the surface membrane “spider cells”

multiple, gray-white masses

A

rhabdomyoma

58
Q

[diagnosis]

  1. Increased JVP
  2. Arterial hypotension
  3. Muffled heart sounds
A

cardiac tamponade

59
Q

water-bottle appearance

A

cardiac tamponade

60
Q

[diagnosis]

chest pain relieved when leaning forwards

pericardial friction rub

A

acute pericarditis

Pathology (36 decks)

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