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Pathology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

[response to injury: determine the cell]

shrinkage of soma
Pynosis
Absence of nucleolus
Intense eosinophilia

A

acute res

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2
Q

[response to injury: determine the cell]

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
accumulation of GFAP

A

astrocyte

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3
Q

[response to injury: determine the cell]

proliferation

A

microglia

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4
Q

the most important histopathologic finding that indicates CNS injury

A

gliosis

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5
Q

[type of cerebral edema]

generalized hypoxic-ischemic injury

A

cytotoxic or vasogenic

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6
Q

[type of cerebral edema]

localized: adjacent to inflammation and neoplasm

A

vasogenic

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7
Q

[type of cerebral edema]

hydrocephalus

A

interstitial

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8
Q

[type of hydrocephalus]

localized: limited to upstream obstruction

A

non-communicating

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9
Q

[type of hydrocephalus]

ventricular system that communicates with subarachnoid space

A

communicating

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10
Q

[type of hydrocephalus]

increased CSF as compensation to decreased parenchymal mass;
no ventricular dilation

A

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

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11
Q

[type of herniation]

herniate through the falx cerebri

A

subfalcine

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12
Q

[type of herniation]

herniate across tentorium cerebelli

A

transtentorial

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13
Q

[type of herniation]

herniation of cingulate gyrus

A

subfalcine

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14
Q

subfalcine herniation compresses this artery

A

anterior cerebral artery

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15
Q

[type of herniation]

herniation of the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

A

transtentorial

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16
Q

Transtentorial herniation can compress this part of the brain

A

CN III

contralateral cerebral peduncle

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17
Q

[type of herniation]

pupillary dilation
hemiparesis ipsilateral to the lesion

A

transtentorial

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18
Q

[type of herniation]

herniation through the foramen magnum

A

tonsillar

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19
Q

[type of herniation]

herniation of cerebellar tonsils

A

tonsillar

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20
Q

tonsillar herniation can lead to compression of this structure

A

brainstem

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21
Q

[neural tube defect]

extension of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in vertebral column

A

myelomeningocele

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22
Q

[neural tube defect]

extension of the meninges through a defect in the vertebra

A

meningocele

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23
Q

[neural tube defect]

diverticulum of a malformed brain tissue through a defect in the cranium

usually in the posterior fossa but can occur across the cribiform plate in anterior fossa

A

encephalocele

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24
Q

[neural tube defect]

failure of the closure of the anterior neural tube

A

anencephaly

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25
Q

[neural tube defect]

skin dimpling, a patch, a hair patch over the defect

A

spina bifida occulta

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26
Q

[posterior fossa anomalies]

enlarged posterior fossa
hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis

cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle

A

Dandy-walker malformation

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27
Q

[posterior fossa anomalies]

Small posterior fossa with mishapen cerebellar tonsils

Non-communicating hydrocephalus (due to aqueductal stenosis)

Lumbar myelomeningocele

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Chiari II

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28
Q

[posterior fossa anomalies]

low-lying cerebellar tonsils
clincally silent or hydrocephalus

Lumbar myelomeningocele

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Chiari II

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29
Q

[perinatal injury]

nonprogressive neurologic motor deficits (dystonia, spasticity, ataxia/athetosis, paresis) occurring during perinatal and prenatal periods

A

cerebral palsy

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30
Q

[perinatal injury]

increased risk in preterm infants, most often near developing thalamus and caudate; can lead to hyrdocephalus

A

intraprenchymal hemorrhage

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31
Q

[perinatal injury]

surpatentorial periventricular white matter infarcts

multicystic encephalopathy: cystic lesions throughout cerebral hemispheres in extensive ischemic damage

A

periventricular leukomalacia

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32
Q

[parenchymal injuries, trauma]

most common site of contusion

A

frontal lobes along orbital ridges and temporal lobes

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33
Q

[parenchymal injuries, trauma]

axonal swellings develop coma shortly post-trauma

A

diffuse axonal injury

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34
Q

[parenchymal injuries, trauma]

depressed, retracted, yellowish brown patches involving the crest of gyri (plaque jaune)

A

old traumatic lesion

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35
Q

[parenchymal injuries, trauma]

can become epileptic foci

A

old traumatic lesions

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36
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

lucid intervals, rapidly evolving neurologic symptoms

A

epidural hematoma

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37
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

lentiform density

A

epidural hematoma

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38
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

fracture to pterion ruptures ___ artery

A

middle meningeal artery

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39
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

rupture in middle meningeal artery is associated with ____

A

epidural hematoma

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40
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

extremes of age, slowly evolving neurologic symptoms; delayed onset

A

subdural hematoma

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41
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

bridging veins

A

subdural hematoma

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42
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

crescent-shaped density

A

subdural hematoma

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43
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

occurs with generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion

A

global cerebral ischemia

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44
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

neurons most sensitive to ischemia

A
  1. pyramidal layer of hippocampus
  2. Cerebellar purkinje cells
  3. pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
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45
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

neurons most sensitive to ischemia

A
  1. pyramidal layer of hippocampus
  2. Cerebellar purkinje cells
  3. pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
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46
Q

[traumatic vascular injury]

between areas of perfusion of major cerebral vessels susceptible to ischemia

A

watershed areas

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47
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

red neuron, cerebral edema, infiltration of neutrophils

A

acute

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48
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

liquefactive necrosis, influx of macrophages, reactive gliosis

A

subacute

49
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

removal of necrotic tissue, gliosis

A

chronic

50
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

edema, neuronal microvascularization, pyknosis + karyorrhexis, increased neutrophils

A

acute changes

51
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

increased microglial cells, gliosis

A

chronic changes

52
Q

[traumatic vascular injury, ischemic changes]

reduction or cessation of blood flow to a localized area of brain due to arterial occlusion of hypoperfusion

A

Focal Cerebral Ischemia

53
Q

[hypertensive cerebrovascular disease]

small perforating vessels; involved: basal ganglia, pons, deep, white matter, thalamus

Histo: small cavitary infarcts

A

lacunar infarct

54
Q

[hypertensive cerebrovascular disease]

small perforating vessels

rupture of small vessels due to hypertension

Histo: tissue destruction, pigment-laden macrophages and gliosis

A

slit hemorrhages

55
Q

[diagnosis]

diffuse cerebral function
headaches, confusion, vomiting, convulsions, leading to coma

edematous brain without herniation; petechiae and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles in gray and white matter

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

56
Q

most common cause of deep parenchymal hemorrhages

A

hypertension

57
Q

most common cause of lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

cerebral amyloid angiopathy

58
Q

most common location of hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage

A

putamen (50-60%)

Thalamus, pons, cerebellar hemispheres are rae

59
Q

[intraparenchymal hemorrhage]

charcot-bouchard microaneurysm in basal ganglia

A

hypertensive ICH

60
Q

most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

ruptured saccular berry aneurysm

61
Q

most common intracranial aneurysm

A

saccular aneurysm

62
Q

most common location of intracranial saccular aneurysm

A

ACA-ACoA junction

63
Q

[vascular malformation]

vessels of the subarachnoid space and brain

enlarge vessels with intervening brain tissue

A

AVM

64
Q

[vascular malformation]

located in the cerebellum, pons and subcortical region

enlarged vessels without intervening brain tissue

A

Cavernous malformation

65
Q

[vascular malformation]

located in pons

small, thin-walled vessels with intervening brain tissue

A

capillary telangiectasia

66
Q

[vascular malformation]

ectatic venous channels, variable location, developmental venous anomalies

A

venous angiomas

67
Q

[meningitis]

most common cause of meningitis in infants

A

E. coli and GBS

68
Q

[meningitis]

most common cause of meningitis in adolescents

A

N. meningitidis

69
Q

[meningitis]

most common cause of meningitis in elderly

A

S. pneumoniae

L. monocytogenes

70
Q

[meningitis]

Infiltrate: PMN
sugar: very low
protein: high
culture positive

A

bacterial

71
Q

[encephalitis]

exudates on basal cisterns
obliterative endartrisits
hydrocephalus

A

TB

72
Q

[meningitis]

infiltrate: lymphocytes
protein: high
sugar: very low

A

TB

73
Q

[neurosyphilis]

frontal lobe affected

severe dementia, progressive impairment with mood alteration

A

paretic

74
Q

[neurosyphilis]

dorsal columns

locomotor ataxia
charcot joints
lightning pains
agryll-robertson pupil

A

tabes dorsalis

75
Q

[meningitis: type of virus]

hemorrhagic necrotizing temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV

76
Q

[meningitis: type of virus]

subacute encephalitis involving paraventricular subependymal region

periventrucular necrosis and calcification

A

CMV

77
Q

[meningitis: type of virus]

flaccid paralysis, muscle wasting, hyporeflexia

neuronophagia of the anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal cord

A

poliomyelitis

78
Q

[meningitis: type of virus]

widespread neuronal degeneration most severe in brainstem

presence of negri bodies

A

Rabies

79
Q

[meningitis]

brain abscesses near the gray-white junction (cerebral cortex)

CT: ring enhancing lesions,

Central foci of necrosis surronded by tachyzoites and bradyzoites

A

toxoplasma

80
Q

[meningitis]

affects basal leptomeninges
soap bubble appearance

gelatinous material within the subarachnoid space and small cysts in basal ganglia

A

cryptococcus

81
Q

[prion disease]

subtle memory change to progressive dementia

startle myoclonus

cerebellar ataxia
spongiform transformation

A

CJD

82
Q

most common demyelinating disorder

A

multiple sclerosis

83
Q

viral cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

JC virus

84
Q

[diagnosis]

unilateral optic neuritis
nystagmus
intention tumor
scanning speech

moderate pleocytosis, elevated protein, increased IgG

A

multiple sclerosis

85
Q

__ triad of MS

nystagmus
intention tumor
scanning speech

A

charcot triad

86
Q

[MS plaques]

evidence of partial and incomplete remyelination

A

shadow plaque

87
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

AB, Tau

A

alzheimer

88
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

alpha-synuclein, tau

A

parkinson

89
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

polyglutamine aggregates

A

huntington

90
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

TPD-43, FUS

A

ALS

91
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

lesion in the cortex

A

dementia

92
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

lesion in the basal ganglia and brainstem

A

parkinsonism

93
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

lesion in the spinal cord and cerebellum

A

ataxia

94
Q

[neurodegenerative disease]

lesion in the motor neurons

A

muscle atrophy

95
Q

[diagnosis]

insidious impairment of higher intellectual function, slow, unrelenting

presence of neuritic plaques, neurfibrillary tangles

A

alzheimer

96
Q

[diagnosis]

tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia

pallor of substansia nigra
presence of lewy body

A

parkinson

97
Q

[diagnosis]

loss of striatal neurons that dampen motor output,

excessive motor output, generalized jerky, hyperkinetic, dystonic

caudate atrophy, loss of striatal neurons, frontal lobe atrophy

dilation of lateral and third ventricle

A

huntington

98
Q

[diagnosis]

progressive ataxia, spasticity, weakness, sensory neuropathy, cardiomyopathy

betz cells, involvement of CN VIII, X, XII

degeneration of cerebellum, and clarke column

A

friedrich ataxia

99
Q

[diagnosis]

loss of UMN in cerebral cortex
loss of LMN in the spinal cord and brainstem

atrophic B4,6
bunina bodies

A

ALS

100
Q

[diagnosis]

seen in remaining neurons, PAS (+), remnant of vacuoles

seen in ALS

A

bunina bodies

101
Q

[diagnosis: type of enceph]

psychotic symptoms
ophthalmoplefia
ataxia, confusion, ophthalmoplegia

reversible with B1

A

Wernicke enceph

102
Q

[diagnosis: type of enceph]

short term memory disturbances, confabulation

confabulation, hallucinations, amnesia

chronic

irreversible with B1

A

Korsakoff Syndrome

103
Q

[metabolic diseases]

resemble ischemic brain injury

A

hypoglycemia

carbon monoxide

104
Q

[metabolic diseases]

may damage anterior vermis of the cerebellum

A

ethanol

105
Q

most common primary tumor of the brain

A

gliomas

106
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

children: cerebellum
Adults: cerebral cortex

A

astrocytoma

107
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

4th-5th decade of life

cerebral cortex (white matter)

A

oligodendroglioma

108
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

1st to 2nd decade: near the 4th ventricle

Adults: spinal cord

A

ependymoma

109
Q

[WHO Grading of astrocytoma]

Atypia + mitosis

A

Grade III, anaplastic

110
Q

[WHO Grading of astrocytoma]

Atypia + mitosis + endovascular proliferation or necrosis

pseudopalisading pattern of cells around necrosis

A

Glioblastoma, IV

111
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

limited infliltration

bipolar cells with thin hair-like processes, rosenthal fibers
eosinophilic granular bodies

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

112
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

fried-egg appearance

aleration of 1p19q co-deletion

tumor cells arrayed around neurons

A

oligodendroglioma

113
Q

ependymoma located here is almost imposible to remove

A

4th ventricle

114
Q

[diagnosis]

children with hydrocephalus, cerebellum

can disseminated to CSF “drop metastasis”

radiosensitive, homer-wright rosettes, small, round blue cells

A

medulloblastoma

115
Q

most common origin of primary CNS lymphoma

A

B cell lymphoma

116
Q

most common subtype of primary CNS lymphoma

A

DLBCL

117
Q

most common primary CNS lymphoma in ICC

A

EBV(+)

118
Q

meningothelial cells of arachnoid

A

meningioma

119
Q

[diagnosis: brain tumor]

located in parasagittal, dura over lateral brain convexity

psammoma bodies

A

meningioma

Pathology (36 decks)

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