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Pathology > Gastrointestinal tract Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

most common form of congenital intestinal atresia

A

imperforate anus

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2
Q

most common type of TEF

A

type C

h’

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3
Q

[diagnosis: diaphragmatic hernia]

posterolateral defect, usually on the left; more common

A

bochdalek

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4
Q

[diagnosis: diaphragmatic hernia]

anteromedial defect

A

morgagni

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5
Q

[diagnosis]

herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring; (+) amnion sac

A

omphalocele

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6
Q

[diagnosis]

herniation of abdominal viscera directly into the amniotic cavity; usually on the right of the umbilicus

A

gastroschisis

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7
Q

[diagnosis]

failed involution of vitelline/omphalomesenteruc duct

A

meckel diverticulum

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8
Q

rule of 2 of meckel diverticulum

A 
2% of the population
2 feet of the ileocecal valve
2 inches long
2x more common in males
2 years old when most often symptomatic
2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic)
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9
Q

[diagnosis]

associated with turners syndrome, trisomy 18, erythromycin/azithromycin exposure during 1st 2 weeks of life

A

pyloric stenosis

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10
Q

[diagnosis]

new-onset regurgitation, feeding abnormalities, 1-2cm abdominal mass

A

pyloric stenosis

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11
Q

[diagnosis]

failure to pass meconium, explosive passage of flatus and feces; megacolon

A

hirschsprung disease

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12
Q

in hirschsprung disease, the aganglionic segment is ___ (dilated/constricted)

A

constricted

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13
Q

[type of esophageal obstruction]

dysphagia to both solids and liquids; static dysphagia

A

functional obstruction

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14
Q

[type of esophageal obstruction]

dysphagia first to solids then liquids; progressive dysphagia

A

mechanical obstruction

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15
Q

[functional esophageal obstruction]

high amplitude contractions of the distal esophagus

A

nutcracker esophagus

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16
Q

[functional esophageal obstruction]

repetitive simultaneous contractions of the distal esophageal smooth muscle

A

diffuse esophageal spasm

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17
Q

[diverticula]

increased wall stress above LES

A

epiphrenic diverticula

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18
Q

[diverticula]

increased wall stress above the UES

A

pharyngoesophageal (zenker) diverticula

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19
Q

___ muscle is associated with the pharyngoesophageal diverticula

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

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20
Q

[diagnosis]

incomplete LES relaxation, increase LES tone, esophageal aperistalsis

A

achalasia

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21
Q

postocaval anastomosis associated with esophageal varices

A

esophageal branch of left gastric vein and azygous vein

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22
Q

[diagnosis]

red velvety mucosa, presence of goblet cell, intestinal metaplasia

A

barrett esophagus

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23
Q

[diagnosis: esophageal CA]

associated with hot drink ingestion, HPV, caustic esophageal injury, commonly seen at the middle third of esophagus

A

squamous cell CA

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24
Q

[diagnosis: esophageal CA]

associated with chronic GERD, H. pylori; commonly seen at the distal third of esophagus

A

adenoCA

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25
Q

[diagnosis: esophageal CA]

precursor lesion: barrett esophagus

A

adenoCA

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26
Q

[diagnosis]

dysphagia, odynophagia, hematemesis, obstrcution, symptoms of GERD, weifht loss

A

esophageal CA

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27
Q

[diagnosis: gastritis]

dominant infiltrate in acute gastritis

A

neutrophils

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28
Q

[diagnosis: gastritis]

dominant infiltrate in chronic gastritis

A

mononuclear infiltrate

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29
Q

[diagnosis]

imbalance between mucosal protective mechanism and injurious stimuli in stomach

A

gastritis

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30
Q

[diagnosis]

intact surface epithelium with foveolar cell hyperplasia; superficial mucosal defect due to epithelial loss

A

acute gastritis

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31
Q

[ulcers]

proximal duodenal ulcers associated with severe burns and trauma

A

curling ulcers

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32
Q

[ulcers]

ulcers associated with increased ICP

A

cushing ulcers

33
Q

gram negative, microaerophilic, urease-positive, helical bacterium, motile, lophotrichous flagella

A

H. pylori

34
Q

[gastritis]

seen in antrum, subepithelial plasma cells, hyperplastic/inflamatory, loss of chief cell, presence of neutrophils, intestinal metaplasia,

A

H. pylori associated

35
Q

[gastritis]
seen in the body, lymphocytes, macrophages, neuroendocrine hyperplasia, antibodies to parietal cells, gastric glands present, endocrine cell hyperplasia,

A

autoimmune gastritis

36
Q

[diagnosis: ulcer]

mucosal atrophy, decreased gastric acid secretion, epigastric pain with meals or shortly after meals, no nocturnal awakening, associated with adenoCA

A

gastric ulcer

37
Q

[diagnosis: ulcer]

antral gastritis, increased Gi secretion, epigastric pain several hours after meals, nocturnal awakening present, not associated with gastric adenoCA

A

duodenal ulcer

38
Q

[diagnosis]

cerebriform enlargement of rugal folds due to epithelial hyperplasia without inflammation

A

hypertrophic gastropathies

39
Q

[diagnosis]

hypoproteinemia due to protein-losing enteropathy

A

menetrier disease

40
Q

[diagnosis]

  1. gastrinoma/ pancreatic islet tumor
  2. gastric hypersecretion
  3. peptic ulcer disease
A

zollinger-ellison syndrome

41
Q

most common GI malignancy

A

adenoCA

42
Q

most common site of extranodal lymphomas

A

stomach

43
Q

most common mesenchymal tumor of abdomen

A

GIST

44
Q

[diagnosis]

dense, lymphocytic infiltrate in lamina propria; low grade GI tumor that can transform to DLBCL

coarsely nodular mucosa

CD19, CD20 (+)
CD5, CD10 (-)
CD43 (+)

A

gastric lymphoma/MALT lymphoma

45
Q

most important prognostic factor in GI carcinoids

A

location

46
Q

____ (location) carcinoids are often multiple and agressive

A

midgut

47
Q

[diagnosis]

tumor originating from the Interstitial cells of Cajal
KIT(+)

A

GIST

48
Q

prognostic factors that determine the clinical behavior of GISTs

A

grade, tumor size, location

49
Q

most common cause of intestinal obstruction

A

hernias

50
Q

most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children

A

intussusception

51
Q

most common site of ischemic bowel disease

A

colon, splenic flexure

52
Q

watershed areas of the bowel

A

sigmoid colon and rectum

53
Q

hallmark of malabsorption syndrome

A

steatorrhea

54
Q

[diagnosis]

antibodies agains transglutaminase, CD8 T-lymphocytes within villus, triggered by exposure to gliadins

A

celiac disease

55
Q

[diagnosis: IBD]

transmural wall involvement, , any part of GIT; noncaseating granuloma; fat malabsorption

A

Crohns Disease

56
Q

[diagnosis]

mural wall involvement, colon and rectum; toxic megacolon, no recurrence after surgery, marked pseudopolyp

A

Ulcerative colitis

57
Q

[diagnosis]

paneth cell metaplasia (left colon)

A

CD

58
Q

[diagnosis]

skip lesions, ileum and colon involvement, thick wall, deep knife-like ulcers

A

CD

59
Q

[diagnosis]

diffuse lesions, colon only, strictures are rare, thin, superficial, broad based ulcers

A

UC

60
Q

most common site of diverticular disease

A

sigmoid colon

61
Q

cut-off for polyp to be considered to have high malignacy risk

A

> 4cm

62
Q

[diagnosis: polyp]

elephant-feet glands, seen in the right colon, high malignant potential, absent dysplasia

A

sessile serrated

63
Q

[diagnosis: polyp]

multiple GI hamartomatous polyp and mucocutatenous hyperpigmentation, autosomal dominant

A

peutz-jegher polyp

64
Q

[diagnosis: familial tumor syndrome]

APC gene mutation in Ch 5

A

FAP

65
Q

[diagnosis: familial tumor syndrome]

MSH2, MLH1 gene mutation

A

HNPCC

66
Q

Cite the Amsterdam criteria for lynch syndrome

A

3 family members (first degree, FAP ruled out)
2 generations
1 diagnosed under age 50

67
Q

most common site of metastasis of colon CA

A

liver

68
Q

[diagnosis: colon CA]

bulky, exophytic, tumor bleed, IDA, weakness, fatigue

A

Proximal colon (right sided) colon CA

69
Q

[diagnosis: colon CA]

napkin-ring, annular configuration, marked change in bowel habits, bowel obstruction

A

distal colon (left sided)

70
Q

[diagnosis: hemorrhoids]

intestinal-type lining, absent pain except when thrombosed, superior hemorrhoidal plexus involved

A

internal hemorrhoids

71
Q

[diagnosis: hemorrhoids]

stratified squamous, non-keratinizing lining, pain is present, involved inferior hemorrhoidal plexus

A

external hemorrhoids

72
Q

most common cause of acute appendicitis in children

A

lymphoid hyperplasia

73
Q

most common cause of appendicitis in adults

A

fecalith

74
Q

most common well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, that is almost always benign

A

appendicial tumor

75
Q

cite examples of enteric bacteria that can cause peritonitis

A
  1. Staphylococcus
  2. Streptococcus
  3. C. perfringes
76
Q

most common primary soft tissue tumor of the peritoneum

A

desmoplastic small round cell tumor

77
Q

Most frequently detected mutation in pancreatic CA

A

KRAS

78
Q

Migrating thrombophlebitis of the superficial vein. Paraneoplastic. Pancreatic CA

A

Trosseau Sign

Pathology (36 decks)

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