Gastrointestinal tract Pathology Flashcards by Clyde Silverio

most common form of congenital intestinal atresia

imperforate anus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most common type of TEF

type C

h’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis: diaphragmatic hernia]

posterolateral defect, usually on the left; more common

bochdalek

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis: diaphragmatic hernia]

anteromedial defect

morgagni

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring; (+) amnion sac

omphalocele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

herniation of abdominal viscera directly into the amniotic cavity; usually on the right of the umbilicus

gastroschisis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

failed involution of vitelline/omphalomesenteruc duct

meckel diverticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rule of 2 of meckel diverticulum

2% of the population
2 feet of the ileocecal valve
2 inches long
2x more common in males
2 years old when most often symptomatic
2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

associated with turners syndrome, trisomy 18, erythromycin/azithromycin exposure during 1st 2 weeks of life

pyloric stenosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

new-onset regurgitation, feeding abnormalities, 1-2cm abdominal mass

pyloric stenosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

failure to pass meconium, explosive passage of flatus and feces; megacolon

hirschsprung disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in hirschsprung disease, the aganglionic segment is ___ (dilated/constricted)

constricted

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[type of esophageal obstruction]

dysphagia to both solids and liquids; static dysphagia

functional obstruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[type of esophageal obstruction]

dysphagia first to solids then liquids; progressive dysphagia

mechanical obstruction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functional esophageal obstruction]

high amplitude contractions of the distal esophagus

nutcracker esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functional esophageal obstruction]

repetitive simultaneous contractions of the distal esophageal smooth muscle

diffuse esophageal spasm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diverticula]

increased wall stress above LES

epiphrenic diverticula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diverticula]

increased wall stress above the UES

pharyngoesophageal (zenker) diverticula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ muscle is associated with the pharyngoesophageal diverticula

cricopharyngeus muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

incomplete LES relaxation, increase LES tone, esophageal aperistalsis

achalasia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

postocaval anastomosis associated with esophageal varices

esophageal branch of left gastric vein and azygous vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis]

red velvety mucosa, presence of goblet cell, intestinal metaplasia

barrett esophagus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis: esophageal CA]

associated with hot drink ingestion, HPV, caustic esophageal injury, commonly seen at the middle third of esophagus

squamous cell CA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis: esophageal CA]

associated with chronic GERD, H. pylori; commonly seen at the distal third of esophagus

adenoCA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[diagnosis: esophageal CA] precursor lesion: barrett esophagus

adenoCA

[diagnosis] dysphagia, odynophagia, hematemesis, obstrcution, symptoms of GERD, weifht loss

esophageal CA

[diagnosis: gastritis] dominant infiltrate in acute gastritis

neutrophils

[diagnosis: gastritis] dominant infiltrate in chronic gastritis

mononuclear infiltrate

[diagnosis] | imbalance between mucosal protective mechanism and injurious stimuli in stomach

gastritis

[diagnosis] intact surface epithelium with foveolar cell hyperplasia; superficial mucosal defect due to epithelial loss

acute gastritis

[ulcers] proximal duodenal ulcers associated with severe burns and trauma

curling ulcers

[ulcers] ulcers associated with increased ICP

cushing ulcers

gram negative, microaerophilic, urease-positive, helical bacterium, motile, lophotrichous flagella

H. pylori

[gastritis] seen in antrum, subepithelial plasma cells, hyperplastic/inflamatory, loss of chief cell, presence of neutrophils, intestinal metaplasia,

H. pylori associated

[gastritis] seen in the body, lymphocytes, macrophages, neuroendocrine hyperplasia, antibodies to parietal cells, gastric glands present, endocrine cell hyperplasia,

autoimmune gastritis

[diagnosis: ulcer] mucosal atrophy, decreased gastric acid secretion, epigastric pain with meals or shortly after meals, no nocturnal awakening, associated with adenoCA

gastric ulcer

[diagnosis: ulcer] antral gastritis, increased Gi secretion, epigastric pain several hours after meals, nocturnal awakening present, not associated with gastric adenoCA

duodenal ulcer

[diagnosis] cerebriform enlargement of rugal folds due to epithelial hyperplasia without inflammation

hypertrophic gastropathies

[diagnosis] hypoproteinemia due to protein-losing enteropathy

menetrier disease

[diagnosis] 1. gastrinoma/ pancreatic islet tumor 2. gastric hypersecretion 3. peptic ulcer disease

zollinger-ellison syndrome

most common GI malignancy

adenoCA

most common site of extranodal lymphomas

stomach

most common mesenchymal tumor of abdomen

GIST

[diagnosis] dense, lymphocytic infiltrate in lamina propria; low grade GI tumor that can transform to DLBCL coarsely nodular mucosa CD19, CD20 (+) CD5, CD10 (-) CD43 (+)

gastric lymphoma/MALT lymphoma

most important prognostic factor in GI carcinoids

location

____ (location) carcinoids are often multiple and agressive

midgut

[diagnosis] tumor originating from the Interstitial cells of Cajal KIT(+)

GIST

prognostic factors that determine the clinical behavior of GISTs

grade, tumor size, location

most common cause of intestinal obstruction

hernias

most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children

intussusception

most common site of ischemic bowel disease

colon, splenic flexure

watershed areas of the bowel

sigmoid colon and rectum

hallmark of malabsorption syndrome

steatorrhea

[diagnosis] antibodies agains transglutaminase, CD8 T-lymphocytes within villus, triggered by exposure to gliadins

celiac disease

[diagnosis: IBD] | transmural wall involvement, , any part of GIT; noncaseating granuloma; fat malabsorption

Crohns Disease

[diagnosis] | mural wall involvement, colon and rectum; toxic megacolon, no recurrence after surgery, marked pseudopolyp

Ulcerative colitis

[diagnosis] paneth cell metaplasia (left colon)

[diagnosis] skip lesions, ileum and colon involvement, thick wall, deep knife-like ulcers

[diagnosis] | diffuse lesions, colon only, strictures are rare, thin, superficial, broad based ulcers

most common site of diverticular disease

sigmoid colon

cut-off for polyp to be considered to have high malignacy risk

>4cm

[diagnosis: polyp] | elephant-feet glands, seen in the right colon, high malignant potential, absent dysplasia

sessile serrated

[diagnosis: polyp] multiple GI hamartomatous polyp and mucocutatenous hyperpigmentation, autosomal dominant

peutz-jegher polyp

[diagnosis: familial tumor syndrome] APC gene mutation in Ch 5

FAP

[diagnosis: familial tumor syndrome] MSH2, MLH1 gene mutation

HNPCC

Cite the Amsterdam criteria for lynch syndrome

3 family members (first degree, FAP ruled out) 2 generations 1 diagnosed under age 50

most common site of metastasis of colon CA

liver

[diagnosis: colon CA] bulky, exophytic, tumor bleed, IDA, weakness, fatigue

Proximal colon (right sided) colon CA

[diagnosis: colon CA] | napkin-ring, annular configuration, marked change in bowel habits, bowel obstruction

distal colon (left sided)

[diagnosis: hemorrhoids] intestinal-type lining, absent pain except when thrombosed, superior hemorrhoidal plexus involved

internal hemorrhoids

[diagnosis: hemorrhoids] stratified squamous, non-keratinizing lining, pain is present, involved inferior hemorrhoidal plexus

external hemorrhoids

most common cause of acute appendicitis in children

lymphoid hyperplasia

most common cause of appendicitis in adults

fecalith

most common well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, that is almost always benign

appendicial tumor

cite examples of enteric bacteria that can cause peritonitis

1. Staphylococcus 2. Streptococcus 3. C. perfringes

most common primary soft tissue tumor of the peritoneum

desmoplastic small round cell tumor

Most frequently detected mutation in pancreatic CA

KRAS

Migrating thrombophlebitis of the superficial vein. Paraneoplastic. Pancreatic CA

Trosseau Sign