Esophagus Flashcards
the start of the esophagus at the level of what cartilage
cricoid
the esophagus ends at the level of?
T11
What are the 3 narrowings of the esophagus
- Cricopharyngeus (C6)
- Left mainstem bronchus (T4)
- LES (T11)
The artery of the cervical portion of the esophagus is the
inferior thyroid artery
the artery of the thoracic portion of the esophagus is the
bronchial arteries
the artery of the abdominal portion of the esophagus
Left gastric
inferior phrenic
The venous drainage of the cervical portion of the esophagus
inferior thyroid
The venous drainage of the thoracic portion of the esophagus
bronchial veins
The venous drainage of the abdominal portion of the esophagus
coronary vein
[diagnostics]
the first diagnostic test in patients with suspected esophageal disease
barium swallow
[diagnostics]
test indicated when a motor abnormality of the esophagus on the basis of complaints
manometry
[diagnostics]
most direct method of measuring increased esophageal exposure to gastric juice
24 hours ambulatory pH monitoring
[diagnostics]
gold standard for the diagnosis of GERD
24 hour ambulatory pH monitoring
the resting pressure of the LES is around
6 to 26mmHg
A defective LE sphincter has a mean pressure of
<6 mmHg
a defective LE sphincter has an overall length of
<2cm
a defective LES has an intraabdominal length of
<1cm
[diagnosis]
squamous epithelium turned to columnar in the LES
barrett esophagus
what is the hallmark of intestinal metaplasia in barrett esophagus
presence of intestinal goblet cells
[GERD surgeries]
360 degree fundoplication around the LES
Nissen
[GERD surgeries]
180 degree posterior fundoplication
Toupet
[GERD surgeries]
180 degree anterior fundoplication
Dor
[GERD surgeries]
use a stapler to divide the cardia and upper stomach
collis gastroplasty
[GERD surgeries]
240 to 279 degree fundoplication
Belsey Mark IV
[GERD surgeries]
Arcuate ligament repair + gastropexy to diaphragm
Hill Posterior Gastropexy
[diagnosis]
structural deterioration of the phrenoesophageal membrane
diaphragmatic hernia
[diagnosis: hiatal hernia]
heartburn, regurgitation
sliding hernia
[diagnosis: hiatal hernia]
dysphagia, postprandial fullness, massive bleeding, gastric volvulus, infarction
paraesophageal hernia
[diagnosis: hiatal hernia]
chest pain, retching with inability to vomit, inability to pass a NGT
borchdart triad
[Type of hiatal hernia]
upward dislocation of GEJ and cardia into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm
Type 2: sliding hernia
[Type of hiatal hernia]
upward dislocation of the gastric fundus along side a Normally positioned cardia
Type 2: paraesophageal
[Type of hiatal hernia]
herniation of part of the stomach without displacement of the GEJ
Type 2: paraesophageal
[Type of hiatal hernia]
combined herniation of the cardia and fundus
Type 3: combined hernia
[treatment of diaphragmatic hernia]
treated medically
sliding hernia
[treatment of diaphragmatic hernia]
treated largely surgical
paraesophageal hernia
___ triad
inability to pass NGT, retching without actual food regurgitation, epigastric pain
Borchardt triad
Gastric volvulus
[diagnosis]
mucosa line pouches that protrude from the esophageal lumen, contains all layers of esophageal wall
true esophageal diverticula
[diagnosis]
mucosa line pouches that protrude from the esophageal lumen, contains only submucosa and mucosa
false esophageal diverticula
more common
most common esophageal diverticula
zenker diverticula
area of potential weakness situated behind the esophagus at the level of the cricopharyngeus
killian triangle
[surgical management of zenker diverticula]
2cm or less
Pharyngomyotomy
[surgical management of zenker diverticula]
> 2cm
diverticulectomy or Diverticulopexy
[surgical management of zenker diverticula]
wide based
diverticuloplexy
[diagnose[
diverticula located 5cms above and below the level of carina
mid thoracic diverticula
[kind of mid-thoracic diverticula]
usually due to granulomatous diseases
traction diverticula
[kind of mid-thoracic diverticula]
more common, diffuse motility disorders of the esophagus
pulsion diverticula
[diagnose]
pulsion diverticula that occurs distal to 10cm of esophagus
epiphrenic diverticula
[diagnose]
loss of peristaltic waveform in the esophageal body and failure of the LES to relax leading to functional outflow obstruction
Achalasia
[diagnose]
neurogenic degeneration in the esophagus; hypertension of LES, failure of the LES to relax,
elevation of intraluminal esophageal pressure
achalasia
[diagnose]
hypertensive LES
Apresistalsis of esophageal body
failure of LES to relax
achalasia
What is the surgical management of achalasia?
Heller myotomy and partial fundoplication
wha is the most effective non-surgical treatment; risk of perforation
pneumatic dilatation
[diagnosis]
if in the esophagogram a corkscrew deformity is seen,..
diffuse and segmental esophageal spasms
[diagnosis]
in manometry, simultaneous waveforms and multipeaked contractions; 20% or more out of 10 wet swallows
diffuse segmental esophageal spasm
what is the most common primary esophageal motility disorder
nutcracker esophagus
[diagnosis]
the mean peristaltic amplitude in distal esophagus is >180 mmHg; there is an increased duration of contraction; normal peristaltic sequence
nutcracker esophagus
[diagnosis]
elevated LES pressure (>26 mmHg); normal LES relaxation; normal peristalsis in the esophageal body
hypertensive LES
What is a true surgical emergency in the esophagus?
esophageal perforation
____ syndrome
spontaneous rupture of the esophagus; usual history of resisting vomiting
Boerhaave syndrome
In diagnosing esophageal perforation, what is the position in doing water soluble contrast esophagogram?
lateral decubitus position
[phase of injury: caustic injury]
pain in the mouth, substernal region, hypersalivation, odynophagia, dysphagia, pain, fever, bleeding, vomiting
1st phase
[phase of injury: caustic injury]
period when the esophagus is the weakest
2nd phase
the most common site of esophageal perforation in caustic injury
mid esophagus
[Zargar Classification]
ulcerations, mucosal and submucosal
Zargar 2
A: superficial
B: deep
[Zargar Classification]
necrosis, transmural
Zargas 3
A: focal
B: extensive
[diagnose]
plaque-like, erosive, papillary
can either be intraepithelial, intramucosal, submucosal
squamous cell CA
[diagnosis]
IDA, dysphagia, esophageal webs
plummer-vinson sydnrome
Barret esophagus is a precursor of this CA
adenoCA
Achalasia is a precursor of this CA
squamous cell CA
[diagnose]
dysphagia, stridor, coughing, choking, aspiration pneumonia, bleeding, hoarseness, jaundice, bone pain, anorexia
esophageal CA
[functional grade of dysphagia]
Patient able to take liquids only
grade IV
[functional grade of dysphagia]
patient able to take semisolids but unable to take any food
Grade III
[functional grade of dysphagia]
requires liquids with meals
Grade II
[functional grade of dysphagia]
unable to take liquids, but able to swallow saliva
Grade V
[diagnostics for esophagus]
evaluation of dysphagia to visualize mucosa, luminal distensibility, motility, and anatomic abnormalities
barium swallow
[diagnostics for esophagus]
this provides more accurate result for T and N staging
endoscopic UTZ
[surgical management]
Stage I to III (locoregional disease)
Esophagectomy
What are the contracindications for curative surgery
- Age >75
- FEV1 < 1.25
- EF <40%
- > 20% weight loss
- locally advanced tumor
[Esophagectomy approach]
esophageal CA limited to the intramucosal layer
vagal sparing esophagectomy
[Esophagectomy approach]
upper midline laparotomy
left cervical incision
transhiatal
Orringer and Sloan
[Esophagectomy approach]
upper midline incision
right thoracotomy is done
transthoracic
Ivor-Lewis
[Esophagectomy approach]
separate laparotomy
right thoracotomy
cervical incision
Three-field
McKeown
[Esophagectomy approach]
oblique incision from midpoint between xiphoid and umbilicus to tip of scapula;
abdomen is opened, costal arch divided,
enter through the seventh intercostal space
left thoracoabdominal
Akiyama
___ maneuver is the mobilization of the fixed portions of the duodenum
Kocher
in Oringger procedure, these arteries are preserved
Right Gastric and right gastroepiploic
[Bypass approaches]
allow better maintenance of an esophageal substitute; shortest
transthoracic
[Bypass approaches]
best direct conduit to the neck
reduced possibility of recurrent malignant dysphagia
substernal
[Esophago-Gastric Junction CA]
Siewert and Stein I corresponds to
Esophageal
TTE + 2 field LAD
[Esophago-Gastric Junction CA]
Siewert and Stein II corresponds to
Cardiac
Total gastrectomy + D2 LAD
[Esophago-Gastric Junction CA]
Siewert and Stein III corresponds to
Subcardiac
TTE or THE
[type of esophageal atresia]
EA without TEF
Type A
[type of esophageal atresia]
EA with proximal TEF
Type B
[type of esophageal atresia]
EA with distal TEF
Type C
most common
[type of esophageal atresia]
EA with double fistula
Type D
[type of esophageal atresia]
Tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia
Type E
[type of esophageal atresia]
Esophageal stenosis
Type F
___ is a thin submucosal ring in the lower esophagus
Schatzki Ring