Genetics Flashcards
Who was Gregor Mendel?
An Austrian monk that bred pea plants to discover ideas that shaped modern genetics.
What is True Breeding?
Organisms that exhibit the same traits generation after generation. When two true breeding plants of opposite characteristics are crossed, only one of the traits is seen in the offspring.
What is a Monohybrid Cross?
- A cross that only examines one trait.
- A cross of two individuals that differ by one trait.
What are alleles?
Different expressions of the same gene. One dominant and one recessive.
Law of Segregation
Traits are determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis so that each gamete receives one allele.
Pgeneration
The organisms initially crossed and are typically true breeding.
Fgeneration
The offspring of a cross of the Pgeneration.
Dominant vs Recessive
D: The form of a trait that always appears when there is an allele for it. R: The form that only appears when there’s two.
What is a Genotype?
The genetic make up of an individual.
What is a Phenotype?
What you see. EX purple flower
What is a Pedigree?
A chart that examines the inheritance of characteristics in a family. Generations are numbered with roman numerals, individuals with Arabic letters.
What is Autosomal Inheritance?
When a trait is inherited on chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. 2 Types: Autosomal Dominant and Recessive.
What is Autosomal Dominant?
Characteristics that show up if a dominant allele is present.
What is Autosomal Recessive??
The inheritance of a recessive phenotype whose gene is on an autosomal chromosome. If both parents are heterozygous for a disorder, they will have an affected child. (1/4)
What is a Dihybrid Cross?
A cross that involves two traits that are independent of one another (One doesn’t affect the other).
What is Incomplete Dominance?
When the heterozygous genotype shows a blending of the traits. Ex: Snapdragons and 4’oclocks
What is Codominance?
When the heterozygous genotype displays both traits. Ex: Horses/cattle (roan)
What is Genetics?
The branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of organisms.
What is Heredity?
The transmission of characteristics between parent and offspring.
What are Genes?
Genes are made up of DNA and are located on chromosomes. They control the transmission of characteristics.
What are the functions of the Cell Cycle?
Growth, Repair, Maintenance.
How many chromosomes are in each Somatic (body) cell?
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase- growth/intense cell activity (longest)
Mitosis- Cell nucleus + genetic material divide
Cytokinesis- Division of cytoplasm and creation of new cells.
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1 phase, Synthesis phase, G2 phase
What is the human karyotype for a female?
XX
What is the human karyotype for a male?
XY
