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Animal Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport nutrients and O2 from intestines and lungs to all cells, wastes and CO2 from cells to areas of disposal and to lungs to be exhaled

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2
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

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3
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Makes up half blood’s volume, contains hemoglobin allowing for transport of O2

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4
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

Blood, blood vessels, heart

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5
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Less than 1% of blood, important in infection fighting

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6
Q

Platelets

A

Less than 1% of blood, tiny cells that help in blood clotting

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7
Q

Plasma

A

More than half of blood’s volume; protein-rich, clear, yellowish liquid that carries blood cells along

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8
Q

The Heart

A

A muscular pump made of cardiac muscle cells

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9
Q

What is Heart Rate?

A

The frequency of the heart beat

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10
Q

What are the three main blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

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11
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart and towards the tissues, thick muscular walls allow blood to be carried under high blood pressure.

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12
Q

Veins

A

Vessels carry blood toward the heart and from the tissues, walls are thinner since blood is under much less pressure

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

Arteries and veins linked together by capillaries, very small vessels (microscopic). Very thin walls allow for diffusion of O2,nutrients, CO2 and wastes.

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14
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

The digestive system takes care of eating and processing food, and excreting wastes.

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15
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system?

A

In the digestive tract - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus. Accessory organs - liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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16
Q

What is the Digestive Tract?

A

A long tube with an opening at the end, lined with epithelial tissue which consists of goblet cells that can produce mucus. Also lined with muscle tissue to push the food along.

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17
Q

Mouth

A

Breaks down food Mechanically (teeth, tongue) and Chemically (enzymes [saliva] break larger molecules into smaller ones)

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18
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach with layers of involuntary (smooth) muscle which push the food along.

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular pouch designed to hold food and churn it with various digestive juices which are secreted from cells lining the stomach along with acids.

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20
Q

Small Intestine

A

Tube, about 6m long, uses smooth muscles to push food along, secretes enzymes to digest food, nutrients are passed across cell membrane into blood vessels that once in blood stream are delivered to all cells.

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21
Q

Large Intestine

A

Shorter portion of the intestine (about 1.5m). Water and fluids are absorbed from the waste and are eventually released from the anus

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22
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Liver, pancreas and gall bladder contribute to the digestion of food by adding digestive enzymes and fluids to food along the way.

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23
Q

Bile

A

Produced by the liver, it helps to break down fats.

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24
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory System?

A

It provides the body with O2 and rids the body of waste CO2, which must be exchanged to allow for cell respiration to occur in all our cells.

25
Q

Respiratory Tract

A

Lined with epithelial cells, mucus and cilia help to moisten and filter the air to prevent dirt, dust and particles from entering the lungs.

26
Q

What are the parts of the Respiratory Tract?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Aveoli

27
Q

Trachea

A

Air leaves the nose or mouth and enters the windpipe or trachea. It’s supported by rings of cartilage which keep the trachea open.

28
Q

Bronchi

A

The trachea branches into the right and left bronchus and are also supported by cartilage and branch further into many tinier tubes called bronchioles.

29
Q

Aveoli

A

Microscopic air sac at the end of the tiniest tubes extending from each bronchus, where O2 and CO2 are exchanged with the blood, each alveolus is surrounded by its own capillary. The transfer of gases occurs by diffusion.

30
Q

Breathing

A

Inhalation occurs as rib muscles move out and the diaphragm moves down. Breathing is involuntary and is controlled by a part of the brain that detects the levels of CO2 in the blood.

31
Q

What is the Diaphragm?

A

Thin sheet of muscle below ribs.

32
Q

What are some diseases that can occur in the respiratory system?

A

Tuberculosis, Cancer, Asthma

33
Q

What is the function of the Musculoskeletal System?

A

To support and protect the body and its vital organs and to allow movement.

34
Q

What is the skeleton made up of?

A

The skeleton is made up of various types of connective tissue such as bones, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.

35
Q

Bone

A

Hard and dense, consists of minerals (Ca and P) and collagen fibres. Canals inside the bone contain nerves and blood vessels. Only a small % of bone tissue is actually living.

36
Q

Marrow

A

Found in bones, produces red and white blood cells and stem cells.

37
Q

Ligaments

A

Tough, elastic tissues that connect bones (bone to bone) together at joints and are mostly made of long collagen fibres.

38
Q

Tendons

A

Similar to ligament but less elastic, they connect bones to muscles.

39
Q

Cartilage

A

Dense tissue made up of special cells -in a matrix of collagen fibres- to provide flexible, low-friction support for bones and prevent damage. (Can be found in ears, nose, between vertebrae and in joints)

40
Q

Muscles

A

Attached to the skeleton to help it move, designed to contract and relax, consist of bundles of long mus. fibres containing specialized proteins. (When nerve cells send a signal, it causes the muscles to contract)

41
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal (vol.), Smooth (invol.), Cardiac

42
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to bones by tendons and allow voluntary movement of body parts

43
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Line internal organs (digestive tract) and blood vessels

44
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Specialized cells making up the heart which contract and relax rhythmically.

45
Q

How do muscles make bones move?

A

Nervous system sends a signal and the muscles pull on the bones it’s connected to.

46
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Condition due to loss of bone tissue, making bones brittle and weak. More common in older women, can be diagnosed using bone density test. Foods high in vitamin D and Ca and exercise can help prevent

47
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have musculoskeletal systems similar to ours

48
Q

Invertebrates

A

No internal skeleton

49
Q

Insects and Arthropods

A

Hard outer exoskeleton and internal muscles to help fly, walk and eat.

50
Q

What is the function of the Nervous System?

A

It is responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts, connecting brain to all other body parts through nerves. (Consisting of neurons)

51
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

52
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Brain is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the skull. Spinal cord protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the vertebrae.

53
Q

Brain

A

Receives info from all secondary organs (smell,taste,touch,hearing,vision) and forms a response if necessary. Also contains centres for thought and memory, allows us to interpret info and make decisions.

54
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Extends from brain and down the back. Transfers info to and from brain. Is also responsible for reflex actions (not requiring conscious thought)

55
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Consists of all nerves extending beyond brain and spinal cord. Relays info about internal and external environments (to and from brain to other organs)

56
Q

What are the three types of nerves in the PNS?

A

Nerves that control voluntary muscles, nerves that carry info to and from specialized neurons called sensory receptors, and nerves that regulate involuntary functions.

57
Q

Where do you find sensory receptors?

A

Eyes, ears, taste buds, touch receptors

58
Q

How many neurons are there in the brain?

A

100 billion

Science (53 decks)

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