Cells And Cancer Flashcards
What is a CELL MEMBRANE
The flexible double layered outer barrier that surrounds the cell. It supports the cell and allows substances to enter while keeping others out.
NUCLEUS
The nucleus contains genetic information that controls all cell activities that can be found within DNA which is in the form of chromosomes.
MITOCHONDRIA
The power plant of a cell. It makes energy for the cell through cell respiration- oxygen is used to break down glucose and convert it into energy.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A system of interconnecting tubes and pockets that can extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane and transport materials like proteins through the cell.
What is the CYTOPLASM
A jelly like liquid that suspends organelles. Many chemical reactions take place here.
RIBOSOMES
Protein factories that can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
GOLGI BODIES
They are stacked membrane sacs that collect and process materials to be removed from the cell. They also make and secret mucus to line the intestines and airways.
VACUOLES
A single membrane sack which encloses a substance. It can have various functions: storage of food, water, or other materials; and the removal of substances from the cell.
CELL WALL
A rigid outer wall outside the cell membrane to provide structure and support
CHLOROPLAST
Carry out photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll which captures sunlight energy and uses it to turn carbon dioxide and water into food
LYSOSOMES
Vacuoles filled with digestive enzymes which break down food or recycle substances
CENTRIOLES
Star shaped structures which help in cell division
LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE
Vacuole fills with water and pushes against the cell wall to provide support called turgor pressure
FLAGELLUM
Tail like whip that rotates in order to help a cell move from place to place Eg. some bacteria, sperm
CILIA
Hair like structures which help to move a cell or move things past a cell
What are the two main methods of transportation?
Passive and Active transport
What is the difference between Passive and Active Transport
Passive transport doesn’t require energy and active transport does require energy
What are the two types of passive transport?
Diffusion and osmosis
What is DIFFUSION
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. (Big molecules cannot diffuse)
What is OSMOSIS
The diffusion of water across a membrane. (Cells need water to survive and need to take in or release water constantly)
Why is energy needed for active transport
Energy is needed because materials are often transported from low concentration to high concentration (which requires carrier proteins) and no equilibrium is reached.
What is Facilitated Transportation
It is where larger molecules need carrier proteins and special carrier proteins require energy
What are the types of cell division for reproduction
Asexual- one parent undergoes cell division to make more of itself
Sexual- each parent produces sex cells (gametes) containing half the parent’s genetic info
What are the three main stages of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
What is INTERPHASE
The longest phase in the cell cycle in which the cell carries out growth, cell respiration, and other functions. In preparation for division, DNA duplicates to form 2 exact copies and more organelles are formed.
What is MITOSIS
When the contents of the nucleus divide and has 4 sub stages (PMAT)
What are the four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
PROPHASE
DNA condenses to form chromosomes which consist of two identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. Also when the nuclear membrane disappears.
METAPHASE
Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell, spindle fibres extend from ends of the cell, and attach to each centromere.
ANAPHASE
Each centromere splits and the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart. Both sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.
TELOPHASE
Final stage of mitosis when chromatids reach the sides of the cell. They stretch out to reform long strands of DNA around which a nuclear membrane forms.
CYTOKINESIS
As mitosis completes, cytokinesis begins to equally divide the rest of the cell contents to form two new identical daughter cells. In plants, a cell plate forms between the d-cells which will develop into new wall of each plant cell.
What is CANCER
Uncontrollable cell division
How are cancer cells made
A cancer cell is a normal cell with mistakes in its DNA. Born with mistakes (genetics), Accident when cell divides (mutation), Substance causing cancer- carcinogen (toxins, smoking)
What are the types of tumors
Benign- doesn’t negatively affect the cells around it, not cancerous
Malignant- interferes with cells around it, are cancerous
What is Metastasis
When cells from a malignant tumor break away and spread to other parts of the body
What is the ABCD of moles
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour, Diameter
What are other ways to diagnose cancer
X-rays, ultrasound, CAT scans, MRI’s
What are some ways to treat cancer
Surgical removal, chemotherapy, and radiation
What are stem cells
Cells in animals that can differentiate into many different cell types eg. Muscle, nerve, skin
What is a ZYGOTE
A sperm cell + egg cell. Divides by mitosis to form a developing embryo (multicellular organism)
What is CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
When cells divide to become specialized for various functions, directed by genetic info encoded in DNA
Embryonic stem cells
Found in developing embryos and can differentiate to any kind
Tissue stem cells
Found within specialized tissue eg. Bone marrow and can only develop into certain types
Red blood cells
Deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Skin cells
Cover the body and reduce heat loss
Bone cells
Store calcium and build new bone
Muscle cells
Contract to allow movement
Fat cells
Store energy in the form of fat
Nerve cells
Conduct electrical signals to send info to different body parts
