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Science > Cells And Cancer > Flashcards

Cells And Cancer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a CELL MEMBRANE

A

The flexible double layered outer barrier that surrounds the cell. It supports the cell and allows substances to enter while keeping others out.

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2
Q

NUCLEUS

A

The nucleus contains genetic information that controls all cell activities that can be found within DNA which is in the form of chromosomes.

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3
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

The power plant of a cell. It makes energy for the cell through cell respiration- oxygen is used to break down glucose and convert it into energy.

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4
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

A system of interconnecting tubes and pockets that can extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane and transport materials like proteins through the cell.

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5
Q

What is the CYTOPLASM

A

A jelly like liquid that suspends organelles. Many chemical reactions take place here.

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6
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

Protein factories that can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

GOLGI BODIES

A

They are stacked membrane sacs that collect and process materials to be removed from the cell. They also make and secret mucus to line the intestines and airways.

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8
Q

VACUOLES

A

A single membrane sack which encloses a substance. It can have various functions: storage of food, water, or other materials; and the removal of substances from the cell.

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9
Q

CELL WALL

A

A rigid outer wall outside the cell membrane to provide structure and support

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10
Q

CHLOROPLAST

A

Carry out photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll which captures sunlight energy and uses it to turn carbon dioxide and water into food

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11
Q

LYSOSOMES

A

Vacuoles filled with digestive enzymes which break down food or recycle substances

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12
Q

CENTRIOLES

A

Star shaped structures which help in cell division

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13
Q

LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE

A

Vacuole fills with water and pushes against the cell wall to provide support called turgor pressure

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14
Q

FLAGELLUM

A

Tail like whip that rotates in order to help a cell move from place to place Eg. some bacteria, sperm

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15
Q

CILIA

A

Hair like structures which help to move a cell or move things past a cell

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16
Q

What are the two main methods of transportation?

A

Passive and Active transport

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17
Q

What is the difference between Passive and Active Transport

A

Passive transport doesn’t require energy and active transport does require energy

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18
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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19
Q

What is DIFFUSION

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. (Big molecules cannot diffuse)

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20
Q

What is OSMOSIS

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane. (Cells need water to survive and need to take in or release water constantly)

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21
Q

Why is energy needed for active transport

A

Energy is needed because materials are often transported from low concentration to high concentration (which requires carrier proteins) and no equilibrium is reached.

22
Q

What is Facilitated Transportation

A

It is where larger molecules need carrier proteins and special carrier proteins require energy

23
Q

What are the types of cell division for reproduction

A

Asexual- one parent undergoes cell division to make more of itself
Sexual- each parent produces sex cells (gametes) containing half the parent’s genetic info

24
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

25
Q

What is INTERPHASE

A

The longest phase in the cell cycle in which the cell carries out growth, cell respiration, and other functions. In preparation for division, DNA duplicates to form 2 exact copies and more organelles are formed.

26
Q

What is MITOSIS

A

When the contents of the nucleus divide and has 4 sub stages (PMAT)

27
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

28
Q

PROPHASE

A

DNA condenses to form chromosomes which consist of two identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. Also when the nuclear membrane disappears.

29
Q

METAPHASE

A

Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell, spindle fibres extend from ends of the cell, and attach to each centromere.

30
Q

ANAPHASE

A

Each centromere splits and the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart. Both sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.

31
Q

TELOPHASE

A

Final stage of mitosis when chromatids reach the sides of the cell. They stretch out to reform long strands of DNA around which a nuclear membrane forms.

32
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

As mitosis completes, cytokinesis begins to equally divide the rest of the cell contents to form two new identical daughter cells. In plants, a cell plate forms between the d-cells which will develop into new wall of each plant cell.

33
Q

What is CANCER

A

Uncontrollable cell division

34
Q

How are cancer cells made

A

A cancer cell is a normal cell with mistakes in its DNA. Born with mistakes (genetics), Accident when cell divides (mutation), Substance causing cancer- carcinogen (toxins, smoking)

35
Q

What are the types of tumors

A

Benign- doesn’t negatively affect the cells around it, not cancerous
Malignant- interferes with cells around it, are cancerous

36
Q

What is Metastasis

A

When cells from a malignant tumor break away and spread to other parts of the body

37
Q

What is the ABCD of moles

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour, Diameter

38
Q

What are other ways to diagnose cancer

A

X-rays, ultrasound, CAT scans, MRI’s

39
Q

What are some ways to treat cancer

A

Surgical removal, chemotherapy, and radiation

40
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells in animals that can differentiate into many different cell types eg. Muscle, nerve, skin

41
Q

What is a ZYGOTE

A

A sperm cell + egg cell. Divides by mitosis to form a developing embryo (multicellular organism)

42
Q

What is CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION

A

When cells divide to become specialized for various functions, directed by genetic info encoded in DNA

43
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Found in developing embryos and can differentiate to any kind

44
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

Found within specialized tissue eg. Bone marrow and can only develop into certain types

45
Q

Red blood cells

A

Deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

46
Q

Skin cells

A

Cover the body and reduce heat loss

47
Q

Bone cells

A

Store calcium and build new bone

48
Q

Muscle cells

A

Contract to allow movement

49
Q

Fat cells

A

Store energy in the form of fat

50
Q

Nerve cells

A

Conduct electrical signals to send info to different body parts

Science (53 decks)

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