Evolution, classification + genetic modification- SB4

Question 1

what is the binomial naming system?

Answer 1

each organism is named for its genus then its species. system of naming species uses Latin words. Each name has two parts, the genus and the species

Question 2

what is the binomial system?

Answer 2

a process of putting 2 latin words are put together to name a species

Question 3

what is evolution?

Answer 3

gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

Question 4

what is genetic variation?

Answer 4

variation of the characteristics of individulas

Question 5

what is environmental change?

Answer 5

conditions in an area changing

Question 6

what is natural selection?

Answer 6

the variations of some individualorganisms make them better at coping with change than others and hence are more likely to survive

Question 7

what is inheritence?

Answer 7

the survivors breed and pass on their variations to new generations and so the next gen contains more individuals with the ‘better-adapted’ variations

Question 8

what is an example of hyper-evolution?

Answer 8

when a rat poison was first used in the 1940s, most rats died - within 10 years most rats had become resistant to it. By killing off all the rats who were not resistant, only the resistant ones were left to breed and hence brought up new generations of resistant rats- they had to evolve quickly to survive and void extintion

Question 9

how are animals classified?

in order

Answer 9

largest group- kingdom
smallest groups - genus and species

Question 10

what are the 5 types of kingdom?

Answer 10

animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes

Question 11

what are the main characteristics of prokaryotes?

Answer 11

unicellular, cells do not have nuclei, flexible cell walls

Question 12

what are the main characteristics of protists

Answer 12

mostly unicellular, cells have nuclei, some have cell walls

Question 13

what are the main characteristics of fungi?

Answer 13

multicellular, live in or on dead matter on which they feed, cells have nuclei, cell walls contain chitin

Question 14

what are the main characteristics of plants?

Answer 14

multicellular, have choloroplasts for photosynthesis, cells have nuclei, cellulose cell walls

Question 15

what are the main characteristics of animals

Answer 15

multicellular, cells have nuclei and no cell walls

Question 16

What are the 3 domains that Carl Woese proposed? and what are their main characteristics?

Answer 16

Archaea - cells with no nucleus, genes contain unused DNA
Bacteria - cells with no nucleus, no unused sections in genes
Eukarya - cells with a nucleus, unused sections in genes

Question 17

what is artificial selection?

Answer 17

when humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics

Question 18

what is selective breeding?

Answer 18

Picking off-spring with ceratin characteristics they want to enhance and reproducing them

Question 19

What are plants and animals often selectively bred for?

Answer 19

disease resistance, yield of useful product, coping with ceratin environmental conditions, fast growth and flavour

Question 20

what is genetic engeneering?

Answer 20

involves changning the DNA of an organism by inserting genes from another to create genetically modified organisisms

Question 21

What is genetic engineering good for?

Answer 21

adding vitamins into crops
adding proteins into animals

Question 22

What are the risks of selective breeding?

Answer 22

• some alleles not selected may disappear and so any that could have been useful in the future arent availible
• When farming large numbers of the same breed - all the organisms are similar, so one affected by disease means the rest will be.
• animal wellfare may suffer as selective breeding may do more harm to the creature

Question 23

what are some issues with genetic engineering

Answer 23

• seeds for GM plants are expensive
• GM plants reproducing with wild varieties may cause issues
• some think eatin GM organisms are bad for health

Question 24

what can GM bacteria be used to produce? - why is using GM a better alternative to the current situation?

Answer 24

inslulin - used to be extracted from dead animals but GM bacteria is cheaper and suitable for more people.

Question 25

how is bacteria genetically engineered?

Answer 25

bacteria has one loop of DNA conatining smaller circles called plasmids - additional genes are added to the plasmid to become recombinant DNA

Question 26

What is Bt toxin?

Answer 26

natural insceticide made of soil bacterium

Question 27

What are issues with crops that use Bt toxin?

Answer 27

• Pests that do not chew plant tissue remain unharmed
• insect can develop resistance

Question 28

what is biological control?

Answer 28

using predatory insects to remove pests to help increae crop yield

Question 29

What is in fertilizers that helps plants grow?

Answer 29

mineral salt ions such a nitrgoen, potassium and phosphorus

Question 30

what is the issue with fertilizer?

Answer 30

if the plant does not absorb all of it, it amy transfer into a river and cause pollution - leading to the death of organisms in the water and those that drink it