Elimination & Detox 2: Urinary Dz Ruminants Flashcards
ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS
aka “what common name?”
etiology? (4)
MALES vs. FEMALES
aka “PIZZLE ROT”
etiology?
1. ULCERATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTION caused by CORYNEBACTERIUM RENALE
2. C. renale is a NORMAL INHABITANT of PREPUCE & VULVA
3. but can PROLIFERATE & CAUSE DZ with HIGH UREA CONCENTRATION IN URINE from EXCESS PROTEIN IN DIET
4. urine tends to be in HIGH CONTACT with VULVA & PREPUCE
MALES > FEMALES
ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…
2 common risk factors?
transmission can sometimes occur through ___
pathophysiology? (3)
2 common risk factors?
1. breeds with DENSE WOOL or HAIR
2. DIET = ALFALFA HAY, LUSH LEGUME
transmission can sometimes occur through FLIES
pathophysiology?
1. C. RENALE produces UREASE ENZYME
2. in a HIGH PROTEIN DIET, PROTEIN CONVERTED TO UREA
3. C. RENALE converts UREA to AMMONIA via UREASE at the PREPUCE/VULVA
ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…
PE findings? (4)
when we see CLINICAL SIGNS OF THIS in a MALE, what should we RULE OUT?
PE findings?
1. MOIST, BLACK ULCER at MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION on PREPUCE or VULVA
2. MALODOROUS SCABS
3. STRANGURIA/DYSURIA
4. BREEDING PROBLEMS/DROP IN FERTILITY
when we see CLINICAL SIGNS OF THIS in a MALE, what should we RULE OUT? = OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS
ID DZ & PATHOGEN
ULCERATIVE VULVITIS
CORYNEBACTERIUM RENALE
ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…
three DDXs based on SKIN presentation on GENITALIA?
also include why pizzle rot wouldn’t fit in for each
- ULCERATIVE DERMATOSIS (ex = POXVIRUS)
–> would expect to see lesions on FACE, LIPS & LEGS - CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
–> PROLIFERATIVE SCABS, but NEVER JUST LIMITED TO GENITALIA - OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS
–> NO EXTERNAL/PREPUTIAL LESIONS
TREATMENT & PREVENTION for ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS (5)
hints: diet, quarantine, grooming, antibiotics, surgery
- REDUCTION of PROTEIN & NONPROTEIN NITROGEN INTAKE (<12%)
- ISOLATE AFFECTED ANIMALS
- WOOL or HAIR should be REMOVED FROM SKIN surrounding PREPUCE/VULVA
- can use TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIALS for EARLY CASES, only need SYSTEMIC such as TETRACYCLINE for advanced
- SURGICAL tx if STRICTURE in PREPUCE DEVELOPS, especially if BREEDING RAM
UROLITHIASIS in SMALL RUMINANTS…
most likely in WHAT animals? what’s one reason as to why?
how can DIET affect it? (4)
4 species it’s common in?
most likely in NON-WORKING, CASTRATED MALES, maybe because if BANDED EARLY (within first 2-3 weeks), LACK OF TESTOSTERONE –> NO TROPHIC EFFECT ON URETHRA
DIET
1. if high in GRAIN, high in PHOSPHORUS & INCREASE LIKELIHOOD of MINERALIZATION
2. if high in CALCIUM like ALFALFA HAY, can contribute to MINERALIZATION
3. PELLETED DIETS
4. WATER DEPRIVATION
4 species?
1. WETHERS of ALL BREEDS
2. BREEDING BUCKS & RAMS
3. MALE POT-BELLIED PIGS, CAMELIDS & FARM DEER
4. FEEDLOT STEERS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of UROLITHIASIS in SMALL RUMINANTS…
2 steps?
when animals come in with OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS, often have ____ CRYSTALS usually spanning from ____ to _____
2 steps?
1. SUPERSATURATION of the URINE & AGGREGATION OF CRYSTALS in BLADDER
- as TIME GOES ON, AGGREGATES GROW to eventually form VISIBLE UROLITHS
when animals come in with OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS, often have MULTIPLE CRYSTALS usually spanning from URETHRA to BLADDER
what are the 2 main types of UROLITHS found in SMALL RUMINANTS? (just give names)
2 main, second has 2 subs
list 2 additional RARE types of UROLITHS IN SMALL RUMINANTS
COMMON?
1. CALCIUM CARBONATE
- PHOSPHATIC UROLITHS
–> MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
–> AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
RARE?
1. SILICATE STONES
2. CALCIUM OXALATES
CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS…
commonality?
tend to form with DIETS that are… (2)
give 4 PHYSICAL descriptors of the crystals
commonality = VERY COMMON
tend to form with DIETS that are…
1. HIGH IN CALCIUM
2. LOW IN PHOSPHORUS
give 4 PHYSICAL descriptors of the crystals…
1. ROUND
2. SMOOTH/SHINY
3. COPPER-COLORED
4. LARGE
PHOSPHATIC UROLITHS…
give the 2 names of possible crystals
which one is STRUVITE? which one is MORE LIKELY IN ANIMALS on a HIGH-GRAIN DIET?
- MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE = STRUVITE
- AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (AMCP) = tend to be associated with HIGH-GRADE DIET
order of RADIOPACITY (from HIGHEST to LOWEST) for 3 types of common UROLITHS SMALL RUMINANTS can get?
- CALCIUM CARBONATE (MOST RADIOPAQUE)
- AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (MIDDLE)
- MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (STRUVITE) (LEAST RADIOPAQUE)
ID CRYSTALS
RADIOPACITY RANKING?
AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (AMCP) CRYSTALS
2/3 (middle)
ID CRYSTALS
RADIOPACITY RANKING?
MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (STRUVITE) CRYSTALS
3/3 (lowest)
ID CRYSTALS
RADIOPACITY RANKING?
CALCIUM CARBONATE
1/3 (best)
SILICATE STONES…
commonality in SMALL RUMINANTS?
tend to see more in ANIMALS that..
can cause ____ urine
RARE in small ruminants
tend to see more in ANIMALS that GRAZE IN REALLY SANDY SOILS
can cause ACIDIC urine
CALCIUM OXALATES…
can be a ___ finding in URINE for ____, but RARELY causes ____ in ____
if we DO see this on a path report, what 2 DDxs/explanation should we consider for SMALL RUMINANTS?
can be a NORMAL finding in URINE for HERBIVORES, but RARELY causes UROLITHS in RUMINANTS
if we DO see this on PATH report…
1. ETHYLENE GLYCOL TOXICOSIS (got into antifreeze)
2. OXALATE POISONING (ate oxalate-containing plants)
4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of UROLITHIASIS
which is MOST COMMON in SMALL RUMINANTS & CATTLE?
which is MORE OFTEN SEEN IN CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS?
which 2 are RARE & which 1 is VERY RARE?
- ACUTE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION = MOST COMMON FOR SMALL RUMINANTS & CATTLE
- URETHRAL RUPTURE = CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS (RARE)
- BLADDER RUPTURE (RARE)
- URETEROLITHIASIS/NEPHROLITHIASIS = VERY RARE
URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…
most COMMONLY presents as what 3 clinical signs in ADULTS? why?
males vs. females? why?
etiologies from REPRODUCTIVE TRACT? (2, one for females one for males)
most COMMONLY presents as (in ADULTS)..
1. CYSTITIS/VULVITIS
2. URETERITIS
3. PYELONEPHRITIS
–> due to ASCENDING INFECTION
FEMALES > MALES likely due to REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
etiologies from REPRODUCTIVE tract…
1. UNSANITARY OBSTETRICAL MANIPULATIONS (in females)
2. INFECTION of SEX GLAND that can ASCEND INTO URINARY TRACT (in males)
URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…
etiology from ANATOMY in females? (2)
etiology for NEONATES? (1)
3 common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS?
can also arise from ___ SPREAD
etiology from ANATOMY?
1. when females are REPEATEDLY BRED, can develop POOR CONFORMATION at VULVA
2. causes URINE TO POOL IN VAGINA & cause UTI
NEONATES = can be from UMBILICAL INFECTIONS, especially if URACHAL REMNANT INFECTION
2 common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS?
1. C. RENALE
2. E. COLI
3. SALMONELLA SPP
can also arise from HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
C. RENLAE has ____ that help it AVOID being ____ from ____ system & can cause UTI
PILLI, REMOVED, URINARY
E. COLI & SALMONELLA can cause UTIs due to ____ ___ in FEMALES
OBSTETRICAL MANIPULATION
4 CLINICAL SIGNS of BACTERIAL CYSTITIS?
- DYSURIA
- POLLAKIURIA (see TAIL CONSTANTLY RAISED)
- BLOOD/PURULENT DEBRIS & CRYSTALS on PREPUTIAL or VULVAR HAIR
- BLADDER can be THICK/PAINFUL on RECTAL or ABDOMINAL PALPATION
TOP DDX for CONSTANTLY RAISED TAIL?
BACTERIAL CYSTITIS
PYELONEPHRITIS clinical signs..
includes ALL CLINICAL SIGNS of ___
4 ACUTE signs?
2 CHRONIC signs?
includes ALL CLINICAL SIGNS of CYSTITIS
ACUTE signs..
1. SUDDEN DROP in PRODUCTION/FEED
2. KYPHOSIS from PAIN IN KIDNEYS
3. PAINFUL when you try to do TRANSRECTAL exam or ABDOMINALLY PALPATE KIDNEYS
4. NON-SPECIFIC signs of SYSTEMIC INFECTION like FEVER, TACHYCARDIA, INJECTED SCLERA
CHRONIC signs…
1. often VAGUE like ANOREXIA, WEIGHT LOSS, MUSCLE WASTING
2. PALE MUCOUS MEMBRANES
3. ENLARGEMENT, PAIN & LOSS OF LOBULATION on LEFT KIDNEY
URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…
what helps most with DIAGNOSIS?
what must ALWAYS be ruled out?
CLINICAL SIGNS of FEVER, WEIGHT LOSS, POLLAKIURIA in the ABSENCE OF UROLITHIASIS
UROLITHIASIS MUST ALWAYS BE RULED OUT
in RUMINANTS…
4 CBC findings for UTI? (2 are +/-)
4 CHEM findings for UTI?
3 UA findings?
can also perform SEROLOGY for…
4 CBC?
1. HYPERFIBRINOGENEMIA
2. NEUTROPHILIC LEUKOCYTOSIS
3. +/- ANEMIA from LACK OF EPO
4. +/- AZOTEMIA, more likely if CHRONIC UTI
4 CHEM?
1. LOW Na
2. LOW Cl
3. LOW K
4. HIGH PHOSPHORUS
3 UA?
1. HEMATURIA
2. PROTEINURIA
3. PYURIA
can also perform SEROLOGY for C. RENALE
if we see ACOUSTIC SHADOW on the RENAL PELVIS, what should we SUSPECT?
commonality?
CATTLE vs. SMALL RUMINANTS
suspect NEPHROLITHIASIS
RARE
CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS
3 TREATMENT OPTIONS for UTI?
- SYSTEMIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY based on the CULTURE RESULTS or WHAT IS MOST COMMON (C. RENALE & E. COLI)
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES (use judiciously bc of NSAID nephrotoxicity)
- NEPHRECTOMY
when treating a UTI, even if we DO NOT have the CULTURE results back, can treat with ____ ____ THERAPY using ____-____, such as ___ & ____, because it treats common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS such as ____ ____ & ____ ____
we should AVOID drugs that are ____, such as ____ & _____, because they cause ____
when treating a UTI (in ruminants), even if we DO NOT have the CULTURE results back, can treat with SYSTEMIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY using BETA-LACTAMS, such as PENICILLIN & CEPHALOSPORIN, because it treats common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS of UTIs in ruminants such as C. RENALE & E. COLI
we should AVOID drugs that are NEPHROTOXIC, such as TETRACYCLINE & AMINOGLYCOSIDES, because they cause AKIs
PROGNOSIS for…
CYSTITIS & EARLY UNILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS?
CHRONIC & BILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS?
CYSTITIS & EARLY UNILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS = GOOD
CHRONIC & BILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS = GUARDED
ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA…
= definition?
etiology? (2)
tends to affect ___ animals
give four clinical signs
= PROGRESSIVE, NON-INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS resulting in METAPLASIA of the BLADDER MUCOSA in CATTLE & SMALL RUMINANTS
etiology?
1. from BRACKEN FERN INGESTION, usually by ACCIDENT or bc ANIMAL HAS NO OTHER FOOD
2. SPORADIC (non bracken-fern induced) is RARE
tends to affect MULTIPLE animals
clinical signs?
1. SEVERE HEMATURIA sometimes with BLOOD CLOTS
2. STRANGURIA
3. PALE MMs
4. EXERCISE INTOLERANCE
BRACKEN FERN can cause WHAT DISEASE in CATTLE & SMALL RUMINANTS?
ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA
ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA…
2 DIAGNOSTIC findings? are they in cattle, small ruminants, or both?
hint: one of the findings resembles FOOD
how do we get a DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS?
- MASS or MASSES in URINARY BLADDER on TRANSRECTAL PALPATION in CATTLE; looks like CAULIFLOWER bc PROLIFERATIVE masses
- ABDOMINAL US THICKENING of BLADDER WALL (both)
DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS via PATHOLOGY (post-mortem)
ID DZ & SPECIES
what is the LESION?
ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA in CATTLE
CAULIFLOWER-LIKE PROLIFERATIVE MASSES on BLADDER WALL
LEPTOSPIROSIS…
usually causes ___ in CATTLE
large animals can be exposed to many ___ of LEPTO
ALL DAIRY & BEEF CATTLE ARE VACCINATED AGAINST ___-___ ____ of LEPTO, so it is ____ to cause ____ problems
diagnosis via… (2)
usually causes ABORTION in CATTLE
large animals can be exposed to many SEROVARS of LEPTO
ALL DAIRY & BEEF CATTLE ARE VACCINATED AGAINST 5-6 SEROVARS of LEPTO, so it is UNLIKELY to cause URINARY problems
diagnosis via..
1. SEROLOGY
2. PCR on URINE
when should we suspect LEPTOSPIROSIS in a SMALL RUMINANT? (3)
& NO OTHER ____
small ruminant with…
1. UTI-LIKE SIGNS
2. FEVER
3. LETHARGY
& NO OTHER EXPLANATION
does diagnosis of LEPTOSPIRA diagnose the INFECTIVE SEROVAR?
NO
