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Year 1/2 > Elimination & Detox 2: Urinary Dz Ruminants > Flashcards

Elimination & Detox 2: Urinary Dz Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS

aka “what common name?”

etiology? (4)

MALES vs. FEMALES

A

aka “PIZZLE ROT”

etiology?
1. ULCERATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTION caused by CORYNEBACTERIUM RENALE
2. C. renale is a NORMAL INHABITANT of PREPUCE & VULVA
3. but can PROLIFERATE & CAUSE DZ with HIGH UREA CONCENTRATION IN URINE from EXCESS PROTEIN IN DIET
4. urine tends to be in HIGH CONTACT with VULVA & PREPUCE

MALES > FEMALES

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2
Q

ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…

2 common risk factors?

transmission can sometimes occur through ___

pathophysiology? (3)

A

2 common risk factors?
1. breeds with DENSE WOOL or HAIR
2. DIET = ALFALFA HAY, LUSH LEGUME

transmission can sometimes occur through FLIES

pathophysiology?
1. C. RENALE produces UREASE ENZYME
2. in a HIGH PROTEIN DIET, PROTEIN CONVERTED TO UREA
3. C. RENALE converts UREA to AMMONIA via UREASE at the PREPUCE/VULVA

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3
Q

ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…

PE findings? (4)

when we see CLINICAL SIGNS OF THIS in a MALE, what should we RULE OUT?

A

PE findings?
1. MOIST, BLACK ULCER at MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTION on PREPUCE or VULVA
2. MALODOROUS SCABS
3. STRANGURIA/DYSURIA
4. BREEDING PROBLEMS/DROP IN FERTILITY

when we see CLINICAL SIGNS OF THIS in a MALE, what should we RULE OUT? = OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS

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4
Q

ID DZ & PATHOGEN

A

ULCERATIVE VULVITIS

CORYNEBACTERIUM RENALE

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5
Q

ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS…

three DDXs based on SKIN presentation on GENITALIA?

also include why pizzle rot wouldn’t fit in for each

A
  1. ULCERATIVE DERMATOSIS (ex = POXVIRUS)
    –> would expect to see lesions on FACE, LIPS & LEGS
  2. CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA (ORF)
    –> PROLIFERATIVE SCABS, but NEVER JUST LIMITED TO GENITALIA
  3. OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS
    –> NO EXTERNAL/PREPUTIAL LESIONS
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6
Q

TREATMENT & PREVENTION for ULCERATIVE POSTHITIS & VULVITIS (5)

hints: diet, quarantine, grooming, antibiotics, surgery

A
  1. REDUCTION of PROTEIN & NONPROTEIN NITROGEN INTAKE (<12%)
  2. ISOLATE AFFECTED ANIMALS
  3. WOOL or HAIR should be REMOVED FROM SKIN surrounding PREPUCE/VULVA
  4. can use TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIALS for EARLY CASES, only need SYSTEMIC such as TETRACYCLINE for advanced
  5. SURGICAL tx if STRICTURE in PREPUCE DEVELOPS, especially if BREEDING RAM
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7
Q

UROLITHIASIS in SMALL RUMINANTS…

most likely in WHAT animals? what’s one reason as to why?

how can DIET affect it? (4)

4 species it’s common in?

A

most likely in NON-WORKING, CASTRATED MALES, maybe because if BANDED EARLY (within first 2-3 weeks), LACK OF TESTOSTERONE –> NO TROPHIC EFFECT ON URETHRA

DIET
1. if high in GRAIN, high in PHOSPHORUS & INCREASE LIKELIHOOD of MINERALIZATION
2. if high in CALCIUM like ALFALFA HAY, can contribute to MINERALIZATION
3. PELLETED DIETS
4. WATER DEPRIVATION

4 species?
1. WETHERS of ALL BREEDS
2. BREEDING BUCKS & RAMS
3. MALE POT-BELLIED PIGS, CAMELIDS & FARM DEER
4. FEEDLOT STEERS

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8
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of UROLITHIASIS in SMALL RUMINANTS…

2 steps?

when animals come in with OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS, often have ____ CRYSTALS usually spanning from ____ to _____

A

2 steps?
1. SUPERSATURATION of the URINE & AGGREGATION OF CRYSTALS in BLADDER

  1. as TIME GOES ON, AGGREGATES GROW to eventually form VISIBLE UROLITHS

when animals come in with OBSTRUCTIVE UROLITHIASIS, often have MULTIPLE CRYSTALS usually spanning from URETHRA to BLADDER

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9
Q

what are the 2 main types of UROLITHS found in SMALL RUMINANTS? (just give names)

2 main, second has 2 subs

list 2 additional RARE types of UROLITHS IN SMALL RUMINANTS

A

COMMON?
1. CALCIUM CARBONATE

  1. PHOSPHATIC UROLITHS
    –> MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
    –> AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

RARE?
1. SILICATE STONES
2. CALCIUM OXALATES

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10
Q

CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS…

commonality?

tend to form with DIETS that are… (2)

give 4 PHYSICAL descriptors of the crystals

A

commonality = VERY COMMON

tend to form with DIETS that are…
1. HIGH IN CALCIUM
2. LOW IN PHOSPHORUS

give 4 PHYSICAL descriptors of the crystals…
1. ROUND
2. SMOOTH/SHINY
3. COPPER-COLORED
4. LARGE

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11
Q

PHOSPHATIC UROLITHS…

give the 2 names of possible crystals

which one is STRUVITE? which one is MORE LIKELY IN ANIMALS on a HIGH-GRAIN DIET?

A
  1. MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE = STRUVITE
  2. AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (AMCP) = tend to be associated with HIGH-GRADE DIET
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12
Q

order of RADIOPACITY (from HIGHEST to LOWEST) for 3 types of common UROLITHS SMALL RUMINANTS can get?

A
  1. CALCIUM CARBONATE (MOST RADIOPAQUE)
  2. AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (MIDDLE)
  3. MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (STRUVITE) (LEAST RADIOPAQUE)
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13
Q

ID CRYSTALS

RADIOPACITY RANKING?

A

AMORPHUS MAGNESIUM CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (AMCP) CRYSTALS

2/3 (middle)

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14
Q

ID CRYSTALS

RADIOPACITY RANKING?

A

MAGNESIUM AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (STRUVITE) CRYSTALS

3/3 (lowest)

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15
Q

ID CRYSTALS

RADIOPACITY RANKING?

A

CALCIUM CARBONATE

1/3 (best)

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16
Q

SILICATE STONES…

commonality in SMALL RUMINANTS?

tend to see more in ANIMALS that..

can cause ____ urine

A

RARE in small ruminants

tend to see more in ANIMALS that GRAZE IN REALLY SANDY SOILS

can cause ACIDIC urine

17
Q

CALCIUM OXALATES…

can be a ___ finding in URINE for ____, but RARELY causes ____ in ____

if we DO see this on a path report, what 2 DDxs/explanation should we consider for SMALL RUMINANTS?

A

can be a NORMAL finding in URINE for HERBIVORES, but RARELY causes UROLITHS in RUMINANTS

if we DO see this on PATH report…
1. ETHYLENE GLYCOL TOXICOSIS (got into antifreeze)
2. OXALATE POISONING (ate oxalate-containing plants)

18
Q

4 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS of UROLITHIASIS

which is MOST COMMON in SMALL RUMINANTS & CATTLE?

which is MORE OFTEN SEEN IN CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS?

which 2 are RARE & which 1 is VERY RARE?

A
  1. ACUTE URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION = MOST COMMON FOR SMALL RUMINANTS & CATTLE
  2. URETHRAL RUPTURE = CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS (RARE)
  3. BLADDER RUPTURE (RARE)
  4. URETEROLITHIASIS/NEPHROLITHIASIS = VERY RARE
19
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…

most COMMONLY presents as what 3 clinical signs in ADULTS? why?

males vs. females? why?

etiologies from REPRODUCTIVE TRACT? (2, one for females one for males)

A

most COMMONLY presents as (in ADULTS)..
1. CYSTITIS/VULVITIS
2. URETERITIS
3. PYELONEPHRITIS
–> due to ASCENDING INFECTION

FEMALES > MALES likely due to REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

etiologies from REPRODUCTIVE tract…
1. UNSANITARY OBSTETRICAL MANIPULATIONS (in females)
2. INFECTION of SEX GLAND that can ASCEND INTO URINARY TRACT (in males)

20
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…

etiology from ANATOMY in females? (2)

etiology for NEONATES? (1)

3 common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS?

can also arise from ___ SPREAD

A

etiology from ANATOMY?
1. when females are REPEATEDLY BRED, can develop POOR CONFORMATION at VULVA
2. causes URINE TO POOL IN VAGINA & cause UTI

NEONATES = can be from UMBILICAL INFECTIONS, especially if URACHAL REMNANT INFECTION

2 common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS?
1. C. RENALE
2. E. COLI
3. SALMONELLA SPP

can also arise from HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD

21
Q

C. RENLAE has ____ that help it AVOID being ____ from ____ system & can cause UTI

A

PILLI, REMOVED, URINARY

22
Q

E. COLI & SALMONELLA can cause UTIs due to ____ ___ in FEMALES

A

OBSTETRICAL MANIPULATION

23
Q

4 CLINICAL SIGNS of BACTERIAL CYSTITIS?

A
  1. DYSURIA
  2. POLLAKIURIA (see TAIL CONSTANTLY RAISED)
  3. BLOOD/PURULENT DEBRIS & CRYSTALS on PREPUTIAL or VULVAR HAIR
  4. BLADDER can be THICK/PAINFUL on RECTAL or ABDOMINAL PALPATION
24
Q

TOP DDX for CONSTANTLY RAISED TAIL?

A

BACTERIAL CYSTITIS

25
Q

PYELONEPHRITIS clinical signs..

includes ALL CLINICAL SIGNS of ___

4 ACUTE signs?

2 CHRONIC signs?

A

includes ALL CLINICAL SIGNS of CYSTITIS

ACUTE signs..
1. SUDDEN DROP in PRODUCTION/FEED
2. KYPHOSIS from PAIN IN KIDNEYS
3. PAINFUL when you try to do TRANSRECTAL exam or ABDOMINALLY PALPATE KIDNEYS
4. NON-SPECIFIC signs of SYSTEMIC INFECTION like FEVER, TACHYCARDIA, INJECTED SCLERA

CHRONIC signs…
1. often VAGUE like ANOREXIA, WEIGHT LOSS, MUSCLE WASTING
2. PALE MUCOUS MEMBRANES
3. ENLARGEMENT, PAIN & LOSS OF LOBULATION on LEFT KIDNEY

26
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION in RUMINANTS…

what helps most with DIAGNOSIS?

what must ALWAYS be ruled out?

A

CLINICAL SIGNS of FEVER, WEIGHT LOSS, POLLAKIURIA in the ABSENCE OF UROLITHIASIS

UROLITHIASIS MUST ALWAYS BE RULED OUT

27
Q

in RUMINANTS…

4 CBC findings for UTI? (2 are +/-)

4 CHEM findings for UTI?

3 UA findings?

can also perform SEROLOGY for…

A

4 CBC?
1. HYPERFIBRINOGENEMIA
2. NEUTROPHILIC LEUKOCYTOSIS
3. +/- ANEMIA from LACK OF EPO
4. +/- AZOTEMIA, more likely if CHRONIC UTI

4 CHEM?
1. LOW Na
2. LOW Cl
3. LOW K
4. HIGH PHOSPHORUS

3 UA?
1. HEMATURIA
2. PROTEINURIA
3. PYURIA

can also perform SEROLOGY for C. RENALE

28
Q

if we see ACOUSTIC SHADOW on the RENAL PELVIS, what should we SUSPECT?

commonality?

CATTLE vs. SMALL RUMINANTS

A

suspect NEPHROLITHIASIS

RARE

CATTLE > SMALL RUMINANTS

29
Q

3 TREATMENT OPTIONS for UTI?

A
  1. SYSTEMIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY based on the CULTURE RESULTS or WHAT IS MOST COMMON (C. RENALE & E. COLI)
  2. ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES (use judiciously bc of NSAID nephrotoxicity)
  3. NEPHRECTOMY
30
Q

when treating a UTI, even if we DO NOT have the CULTURE results back, can treat with ____ ____ THERAPY using ____-____, such as ___ & ____, because it treats common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS such as ____ ____ & ____ ____

we should AVOID drugs that are ____, such as ____ & _____, because they cause ____

A

when treating a UTI (in ruminants), even if we DO NOT have the CULTURE results back, can treat with SYSTEMIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY using BETA-LACTAMS, such as PENICILLIN & CEPHALOSPORIN, because it treats common ETIOLOGIC AGENTS of UTIs in ruminants such as C. RENALE & E. COLI

we should AVOID drugs that are NEPHROTOXIC, such as TETRACYCLINE & AMINOGLYCOSIDES, because they cause AKIs

31
Q

PROGNOSIS for…

CYSTITIS & EARLY UNILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS?

CHRONIC & BILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS?

A

CYSTITIS & EARLY UNILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS = GOOD

CHRONIC & BILATERAL PYELONEPHRITIS = GUARDED

32
Q

ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA…

= definition?

etiology? (2)

tends to affect ___ animals

give four clinical signs

A

= PROGRESSIVE, NON-INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS resulting in METAPLASIA of the BLADDER MUCOSA in CATTLE & SMALL RUMINANTS

etiology?
1. from BRACKEN FERN INGESTION, usually by ACCIDENT or bc ANIMAL HAS NO OTHER FOOD
2. SPORADIC (non bracken-fern induced) is RARE

tends to affect MULTIPLE animals

clinical signs?
1. SEVERE HEMATURIA sometimes with BLOOD CLOTS
2. STRANGURIA
3. PALE MMs
4. EXERCISE INTOLERANCE

33
Q

BRACKEN FERN can cause WHAT DISEASE in CATTLE & SMALL RUMINANTS?

A

ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA

34
Q

ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA…

2 DIAGNOSTIC findings? are they in cattle, small ruminants, or both?

hint: one of the findings resembles FOOD

how do we get a DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS?

A
  1. MASS or MASSES in URINARY BLADDER on TRANSRECTAL PALPATION in CATTLE; looks like CAULIFLOWER bc PROLIFERATIVE masses
  2. ABDOMINAL US THICKENING of BLADDER WALL (both)

DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS via PATHOLOGY (post-mortem)

35
Q

ID DZ & SPECIES

what is the LESION?

A

ENZOOTIC HEMATURIA in CATTLE

CAULIFLOWER-LIKE PROLIFERATIVE MASSES on BLADDER WALL

36
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS…

usually causes ___ in CATTLE

large animals can be exposed to many ___ of LEPTO

ALL DAIRY & BEEF CATTLE ARE VACCINATED AGAINST ___-___ ____ of LEPTO, so it is ____ to cause ____ problems

diagnosis via… (2)

A

usually causes ABORTION in CATTLE

large animals can be exposed to many SEROVARS of LEPTO

ALL DAIRY & BEEF CATTLE ARE VACCINATED AGAINST 5-6 SEROVARS of LEPTO, so it is UNLIKELY to cause URINARY problems

diagnosis via..
1. SEROLOGY
2. PCR on URINE

37
Q

when should we suspect LEPTOSPIROSIS in a SMALL RUMINANT? (3)

& NO OTHER ____

A

small ruminant with…
1. UTI-LIKE SIGNS
2. FEVER
3. LETHARGY

& NO OTHER EXPLANATION

38
Q

does diagnosis of LEPTOSPIRA diagnose the INFECTIVE SEROVAR?

A

NO

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

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