Defense & Barriers 2: Equine Immunodeficiencies Flashcards
identify this disease
EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME
equine metabolic syndrome is also referred to as “____ ____”
why? (2)
PERIPHERAL CUSHING’S
resembles Cushing’s in APPEARANCE or can have it CONCURRENTLY
equine metabolic syndrome…
4 clinical signs?
3 contributing factors?
what 2 labs are used for diagnostics? (+ which is most common?)
clinical signs
1. OBESITY (fat deposits)
2. CHRONIC LAMINITIS
3. INSULIN DYSREGULATION
4. POSSIBLY infertility issues
contributing factors?
1. chronic overfeeding
2. limited physical activity = clinical signs might KEEP them from doing physical activity
3. enhanced metabolic efficiency
labs?
1. oral sugar test (MOST COMMON)
2. basal insulin
4 most common places for FAT DEPOSITS in EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME
- gluteal
- sheath
- shoulders
- CRESTY NECK (beneath mane)
in equine metabolic syndrome, fat acts as both…. (2)
A STORAGE AND ENDOCRINE ORGAN
pathophysiology of equine metabolic syndrome… (3)
horses with this syndrome will maintain chronic HIGH levels of ____
- in obese animals, an excess amount of adipocytes will produce EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- EXCESS GLUCOCORTICOIDS = INHIBIT the action of insulin at CENTRAL (hepatic) and PERIPHERAL (muscle) tissues
- If INSULIN INHIBITED = glucose INTOLERANCE develops
high levels of INSULIN
2 hypotheses for reasons for LAMINITIS in EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME?
(1) HYPERINSULINEMIA causes…
–> inappropriate stimulation of INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 RECEPTORS on LAMINAR EPIDERMAL CELLS
–> ELONGATION/DEFORMITY of these epidermal cells
–> laminitis
(2) INSULIN RESISTANCE…
–> BLOCKS NITRIC-OXIDE mediated VASODILATION and GLUT4 transolocation
–> results VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE FEET
physical exam findings that support equine metabolic syndrome? (3)
- Regional adiposity
- HIGH BODY CONDITION SCORE (out of 9) = in horses, 5/9 is ideal
- Cresty neck score greater than or equal to 3
basal insulin test…
what DISEASE does this test for?
dietary restrictions? (2)
parameters? (3, including what to do if SUSPECT)
what DISEASE?
EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME
dietary restrictions?
1. Perform NON-FASTING (hay or pasture only)
2. No grain within 4 hours
parameters?
1. Positive for INSULIN RESISTANCE = >50 microiU/mL
2. NON-diagnostic (cannot confirm) = <20 microiU/mL
3. 20-50 microiU/mL ID suspect = SHOULD GO TO ORAL SUGAR TEST IF WITHIN THIS RANGE
adiponectin test…
what does it do?
what does it mean if it’s LOW? (2)
what does it mean when a LEPTIN test is high?
triglyceride test…
what does it measure?
what does it mean when it’s HIGH?
what 3 species is this usually measured in?
adiponectin?
= looks at RECEPTORS on ADIPOSE TISSUE
1. if LOW = METABOLIC DERANGEMENT in adipose tissue
2. increased risk of LAMINITIS
if LEPTIN is high = THE HORSE IS OVERCONDITIONED
triglyceride?
= measures NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
if HIGH, then HIGH RISK FOR LAMINITIS
3 species = donkeys, ponies, miniature horses
treatment for equine metabolic syndrome in OVERWEIGHT horses…
what kind of food should they get?
how should it be prepared?
3 additional points about DIET
what other thing should we try and do? + stipulations
** additional supplement that can help if added to feed?
weight loss goal?
DIET
–> feed LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX FOODS (make <10-12% non-structural carbohydrates)
–> can SOAK hay for 1 HOUR to avoid freezing/molding
1. ** NO GRAINS!!
2. make sure to supplement with VITAMINS/MINERALS
3. put in either DRY LOT or LIMITED TURNOUT to reduce high-calorie pasture
other main thing = EXERCISE!
needs to be TAILORED if previously laminitic, and DO NOT DO IF ACTIVELY LAMINITIC
additional supplement = ANTI-OXIDANTS, LIKE VITAMIN E
weight loss goal? = 1% BM per WEEK lost
exercise regime for OBESE EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS, specifically…
NON-laminitic patients? (2)
PREVIOUSLY laminitic patients? (include something about environment and a warning about the horse)
NON-laminitic patients…
1. CANTER to FAST CANTER for >30 minutes >5 times per week (HR 130-170 bpm)
2. Trot for 15 minutes 5 times per week
PREVIOUSLY laminitic patients…
1. FAST TROT to CANTER on a soft surface >30 minutes >3 times per week (110-150 bpm)
2. MAKE SURE HORSE IS SOUND
diet plan for THINNER equine metabolic syndrome patients? (2)
- Give commercial-grade, NSC feeds that are BEET PULP or SOY BASED
- Try to give MULTIPLE SMALL MEALS so that they DON’T HAVE INSULIN SPIKES AFTER MEALS
what are portagrazers?
what are they good for? (2)
= these are SLOW FEEDERS for horses
what are they good for?
can help both provide a place to SOAK HAY and SLOW HORSES DOWN WHILE EATING FOR WEIGHT LOSS
levothyroxine sodium
what disease is this used for?
what does it do? (2)
dosage? for what size horse? (+ how often to really give it)
when STOPPING this medication…
used for EQUINE METABOLIC SYNDROME
what does it do?
1. helps induce WEIGHT LOSS
2. helps INCREASE INSULIN SENSITIVITY
dosage?
48 mg/DAY PO 3-6 months for horses that are >360 kg, TRY TO GIVE FOR SHORTEST DURATION
when stopping medication, WEAN OVER THE COURSE OF A MONTH