Defense & Barriers 2: Poultry Diseases Flashcards
4 reasons for DISEASE issues in poultry?
3 reasons we can REDUCE DISEASE prevalence?
4 reasons for DISEASE issues?
1. INCREASED risk because birds are OUTSIDE! & near vectors
2. LIMITED ANTIBIOTICS APPROVED FOR USE IN POULTRY
3. VACCINATIONS NOT AVAILABLE FOR BACKYARD FLOCKS
4. POULTRY HOUSING
3 ways to REDUCE dz?
1. BIOSECURITY
–> Keep farms at a reasonable distance
–> Change clothes/shoes upon entry
2. HOST RESISTANCE
–> Make sure to reduce STRESS to INCREASE DISEASE RESISTANCE (prevent cytokine release)
3. KEEP IN CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
3 routes of disease transmission in poultry?
how do we prevent the first 2 specific routes of transmission?
what 2 organisms can contribute/what type of route?
2 routes?
1. TRUE VERTICAL = transmitted TO PROGENY FROM HEN via OVARIAN or UTERINE INFECTION
2. APPARENT VERTICAL = egg surface contamination with organism with nest or fecal material
3. HORIZONTAL
how do we prevent these specific routes of transmission?
1. TRUE VERTICAL = We should VACCINATE HENS so that MATERNAL Abs PASSED TO CHICKS
2. APPARENT VERTICAL = NEED TO MAKE SURE ENVIRONMENT IS CLEAN
E. COLI & ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS CAN CAUSE APPARENT VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
we should REDUCE EGGS ON THE FLOOR BECAUSE EGGS ARE ____ and can become EASILY ____
POROUS, CONTAMINATED
4 diseases that can spread via FARM-TO-FARM transmission?
what kind of transmission is this?
4 diseases?
1. AVIAN INFLUENZA
2. INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
3. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
4. NEWCASTLE/PARAMYXOVIRUS
HORIZONTAL transmission
4 ways VECTOR-BORNE diseases can spread…
what kind of disease transmission is this?
- FOMITES/EQUIPMENT
- RODENTS (Salmonella)
- FREE-FLYING BIRDS
- INSECTS like flies/beetles
HORIZONTAL transmission
PRIMARY lymphoid organs in birds? (3)
SECONDARY lymphoid organs in birds? (2)
what do birds NOT have/what do they have INSTEAD?
PRIMARY lymphoid organs…
1. Bursa = B cells
2 .Thymus = T cells
3. In young birds, these cells eventually migrate into periphery
SECONDARY lymphoid organs…
1. Spleen
2. Bone marrow
NO LYMPH NODES, JUST PEYERS PATCHES
bird immune system…
MATERNAL TRANSFER of immunity (2)
IgM/IgA?
MATERNAL transfer…
1. MATERNAL TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY based on IgY instead of IgG into YOLK SAC
2. Yolk sac starts external and GOES INTO BODY CAVITY to provide HYDRATION, NUTRITION & IMMUNITY for FIRST 5 DAYS OF LIFE
IgM & IgA are in the ALBUMIN/AMNIOTIC FLUID
the ADAPTIVE immune system in birds is based on either ____ or _____ immunity
talk about both briefly
PASSIVE, ACTIVE
PASSIVE = MATERNAL, VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS
ACTIVE = VACCINATION
CECAL TONSILS…
birds have a ___ cecum
what are they? (2)
where are they located?
what disease likes to take residence in here?
birds have a PAIRED cecum
what are they?
1. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGAN
2. LYMPHOID PATCH IN INTESTINAL TRACT
location?
= JUST BEFORE ENTERING LARGE INTESTINE
what disease?
= INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
in birds, the ____ regresses, but the ____ does not unless it’s DISEASED
THYMUS, BURSA
poultry vaccines…
= used for…
BREEDER vaccination?
HATCHERY vaccination?
IN-HOUSE vaccination?
= used to reduce risk of clinical disease by helping BOOST IMMUNITY STRENGTH/RESPONSE, but BIRDS STILL LIKELY TO BE INFECTED
breeder vaccination = maternal antibodies
hatchery vaccination = IN OVO VACCINATION, VACCINE GOES INTO EGG
in-house vaccination = SPRAY OR WATER OVER EGGS
TYPES of poultry vaccines available? (5)
- Viral
- Bacterial
- Parasitic = COCCIDIA
- LIVE vaccines
- KILLED vaccines
PARASITIC vaccinations in poultry…
against WHAT organism?
where are vax given?
vaccine will differ depending on…
COCCIDIA
VAX GIVEN IN HATCHERY
DIFFERS DEPENDING ON SPECIES (ex = different for chicken/turkey)
KILLED vaccinations in poultry..
given WHAT ROUTE?
NOT given to what birds/why?
Given IM
NOT given to BROILER BIRDS bc CAN AFFECT MUSCLES
when/how are in ovo vaccinations given?
Given ~18-19 days of incubation into FLUID AROUND EMBRYO
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE…
= what is it?
what age/species of bird?
commonality?
SUBCLINICAL signs/timing? (2)
CLINICAL signs/timing? (4)
= BIRNAVIRUS (DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUS) that AFFECTS IMMUNE SYSTEM by ENTERING BURSA & causes immunosuppression
age/species?
= YOUNG CHICKENS
commonality?
= This is RARE now due to VACCINATION OF FLOCKS & PROGENY
SUBCLINICAL = <3 weeks
1. Sometimes can EVADE DETECTION and WE DON’T SEE ANYTHING UNTIL SECONDARY DISEASES
2. SMALL bursas congenitally
CLINICAL DISEASE = 3-6 weeks
1. HAS HIGH MORTALITY
2. VENT PICKING bc bursa IRRITATED
3. DEPRESSION
4. HEMORRHAGIC bursas that then regress
ID DZ & additional names
CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA
Blue Wing Disease/Gangrenous Dermatitis
CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA…
AKA 3 names?
what is it? (2)
ONE ____, DIFFERENT ____
causes SECONDARY _____ infection that causes _____ color
age of affected chickens?
clinical signs? (3)
chance of mortality?
necropsy findings? (2)
prevention?
AKA “Chicken Anemia Virus, Blue Wing Disease/Gangrenous Dermatitis”
what is it? = GYROVIRUS (single-strand circular DNA)
ONE SEROTYPE, DIFFERENT GENOTYPES
causes SECONDARY CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION (from T cell immunosuppression) that can cause BLUE COLOR
age?
= CHICKENS 2-4 weeks of age
clinical signs?
1. Depressed
2. Pale/anemic
3. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
LOW chance of mortality
necropsy findings?
1. PALE bone marrow
2. ATROPHIED THYMUS
Prevention?
= VACCINATION, protect BREEDER FLOCKS and THEREFORE PROGENY
OMPHALITIS…
AKA?
= what is it?
pathophys? (2)
mortality?
lesion? (ONLY ONE PART)
AKA YOLK SAC INFECTION
= a PRIMARY INFECTION affecting the YOLK SAC and NAVEL of young poultry
pathophys?
1. CAUSED BY DIRTY or CRACKED EGG SHELLS
2. Causes YOLK SAC TO BE A GOOD FEEDING GROUND FOR BACTERIA/INFECTION and then INGESTED BY PROGENY
mortality? = USUALLY WITHIN FIRST FEW DAYS OF LIFE
lesion?
= ENLARGED, CASEOUS & HEMORRHAGIC YOLK SAC
AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS…
transmission in CHICKS? (2)
clinical signs? (2)
diagnosis? what 2 things can we see?
transmission in CHICKS?
1. TRUE VERTICAL –> NEED TO MAKE SURE MOM IS VACCINATED
2. Horizontal
clinical signs?
1. NEUROLOGIC signs
2. CATARACTS from MILD DISEASE WHEN CHICKS SURVIVE
diagnosis = HISTOPATHOLOGY OF BRAIN FOR CONFIRMATION to see…
1. DEGENERATION OF NEURONS
2 LOSS OF PURKINJE CELLS in CEREBELLUM
prevention?
= VACCINATE BREEDERS
ID disease!
is it likely this animal survived?
AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
LIKELY SURVIVED and developed CATARACTS!!
AVIAN POX…
= what is it?
2 forms?
histopathology?
transmission?
= DNA POXVIRUS that’s SPECIFIC TO THE SPECIES IT INFECTS
2 forms…
1. DIPHTHERITIC (wet pox) = damages EPITHELIAL LINING & TRACHEA
–> See CASEOUS MATERIAL in TRACHEA/ESOPHAGUS
2. CUTANEOUS (dry pox)
on histopathology = EOSINOPHILIC INCLUSION BODIES
transmission?
= LACERATION/INJURY from SKIN due to PECKING, INSECTS, AI through CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT
ID disease & what this is
AVIAN POX
INCLUSION BODIES
AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS…
= what is it/how does it cause disease?
what does it cause SECONDARILY?
= Coccidia get into GI tract and BREAK DOWN MUCOSAL BARRIER
SECONDARILY…
= CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION OCCURS
DIET-RELATED NECROTIC ENTERITIS…
what 2 things does it cause?
what causes it?
2 things does it cause?
1.DISRUPTION OF INTESTINAL FLORA
2. SECONDARY CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTION
can be caused by ROUGH FOOD LIKE STRAW
