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Year 1/2 > Digestion & Metabolism 2: Pathology of LA Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism 2: Pathology of LA Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

MAXILLARY BRACHYGNATHIA…
= definition

A

= when the MAXILLA is TOO SHORT

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2
Q

ID disease & name in ALPACAS

A

WRY NOSE

in alpacas = CAMPYLORRHINUS LATERALIS

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3
Q

WRY NOSE…
name of disease in ALPACAS?
= definition?

A

in alpacas = CAMPYLORRHINUS LATERALIS

= AXIAL DEVIATION of NASOINCISIVE BONES

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4
Q

ID disease

A

MAXILLARY BRACHYGNATHIA (maxilla is too short)

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5
Q

ID disease & DEFINITION w/ etiology

A

= PALATOSCHISIS, CLEFT PALATE, ORONASAL FISTULA

DEFINITION w/ etiology…
–> INCOMPLETE fusion of PALATINE BONES causes DIRECT COMMUNICATION between OROPHARYNX and NASOPHARYNX

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6
Q

name disease

A

POLYODONTIA (supernumerary teeth) of PREMOLAR 4

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7
Q

ID disease & common name

A

HETEROTROPIC POLYODONTIA

EQUINE EAR TOOTH or DENTIGEROUS CYST

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8
Q

HETEROTROPIC POLYODONTIA…
= aka WHAT 2 NAMES?
what are they classified as?
treatment options? (2)

A

= aka equine EAR TOOTH or DENTIGEROUS CYST

classification?
COMPOUND ODONTOMAS, disorganized, jumbled version of an organ

Treatment?
1. Can be EXTRACTED
2. If in a bad location, EUTHANASIA

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9
Q

___ teeth have ____ ____ that are ____ GROWN FROM THE ____ because….

A

HYPSODONT teeth have RESERVE CROWNS that are CONTINUOUSLY GROWN FROM THE ROOT because TEETH WORN DOWN OVER TIME

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10
Q

why are the VISIBLE CROWNS in HYPSODONT teeth SHORT?

A

VISIBLE CROWN should be SHORT because if MOST OF IT IS RESERVE CROWN, then should be WORN DOWN & PRODUCED at the same rate!

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11
Q

ID lesion & why it occurred

A

“WAVE MOUTH” where TEETH ARE DIFFERENT HEIGHTS/SHAPES

occurred because HYPSODONT TEETH are NOT EVENLY WORN DOWN AT THE CROWN, so GROWTH IS NOT PROPORTIONAL and DIFFERENT WEARING ON DIFFERENT SIDES OF THE MOUTH

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12
Q

____ TEETH have an ____ ____ that’s important for ____ & _____ _____ ______.

they’re located on the ____ part of the jaw

A

CHEEK, OCCLUSAL SURFACE, MASTICATION, GRINDING FIBROUS FEED

located on the LOWER part of the jaw

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13
Q

SEVERE MALOCCLUSION…
= aka what name?
2 potential etiologies?
pathophysiology that causes GINGIVAL RECESSION? (3)
4 common clinical signs?
5 things that can occur if UNTREATED?

A

= aka DENTAL ATTRITION

2 potential etiologies?
1. PRIMARY (congenital)
2. SECONDARY (uneven wear)

pathophysiology?
1. If TOO MANY TEETH then NOT ABLE TO MASTICATE FOOD PROPERLY
2. DIASTEMA caused LARGE GINGIVAL SULCI/POCKETS that had food get inside and CAUSE GINGIVITIS/PERIODONTITIS
3. Eventually, GINGIVAL RECESSION

common clinical signs?
1. Emaciation
2. Generalized muscle wasting
3. Poor hair coat
4. Unable to rise

If UNTREATED…
1. Injury to soft tissues
2. Tooth loss
3. EXACERBATION of malocclusion/diastema
4. INADEQUATE MASTICATION that can then cause CHOKE
–> BOLUS/STEMMY food that has not been well masticated can OBSTRUCT ESOPHAGUS
5. PERIPHERAL OSTEOMYELITIS that can then cause SINUSITIS

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14
Q

ID disease (2 names)

A

SEVERE MALOCCLUSION/DENTAL ATTRITION

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15
Q

OVERALL DZ?

3 morphologic findings here?

A

OVERALL DZ = PULPITIS & TOOTH ROOT ABSCESS

3 findings?
1. SEVERE ODONTOCLASTIC RESORPTION
2. SECONDARY GRANULATION TISSUE
3. LYSIS of ALVEOLAR BONE (around tooth)

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16
Q

PULPITIS & TOOTH ROOT ABSCESSES in horses…
which tooth is MOST SUSCEPTIBLE to this disease/why?
pathophysiology? (3, starting with NATURE of tooth surface)
histopathology findings? (2)
which clinical sign is FIRST NOTICED?

A

which tooth?
–> M1 MOLARS are MORE PREDISPOSED than other teeth because THEY’RE THE FIRST TEETH TO ERUPT/OLDEST IN THE MOUTH

pathophysiology?
1. OCCLUSAL TOOTH SURFACES of hypsodont teeth can cause BACTERIA/FEED MATERIAL to get impacted on the surface
2. Material can EVENTUALLY GET INTO PULP CAVITY
3. Once in pulp cavity, causes LYSIS into the TOOTH ROOTS

histopathology finding?
1. SEVERE SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION extending into the PULP CAVITY
2. MANY NEUTROPHILS visible

MALODOROUS NASAL DISCHARGE IS USUALLY FIRST CLINICAL SIGN NOTICED

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17
Q

EQUINE ODONTOCLASTIC TOOTH RESORPTION & HYPERCEMENTOSIS (EOTRH) SYNDROME…
predisposed AGE & SEX?
history clinical findings? (2)
PE clinical findings?
tends to occur in ____ teeth vs. ____ teeth

A

predispositions?
1. SENIOR-aged horses
2. GELDINGS > mares/stallions

history?
1. CHRONIC WEIGHT LOSS
2. QUIDDING (food drops out of mouth)

PE findings?
1. look for WORN INCISORS with GINGIVAL RECESSION

INCISORS > CHEEK TEETH

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18
Q

ID DZ

A

EQUINE ODONTOCLASTIC TOOTH RESORPTION & HYPERCEMENTOSIS (EOTRH) & SYNDROME

19
Q

ID DZ & what’s happening in RED, BLUE & GREEN

A

EQUINE ODONTOCLASTIC TEETH RESORPTION & HYPERCEMENTOSIS SYNDROME

BLUE = TOOTH RESORPTION

RED = LYSIS & RESORPTION of ALVEOLAR BONE filled with GRANULATION tissue

GREEN = HYPERCEMENTOSIS

20
Q

ID DZ & LABEL

what kind of tooth is this?

A

EQUINE ODONTOCLASTIC TOOTH RESORPTION & HYPERCEMENTOSIS SYNDROME

HYPSODONT tooth

21
Q

how does a tooth HEAL itself? why is it not working in THIS histo photo specifically?

A

tooth can SITMULATE ODONTOBLASTS to MAKE REPAIR DENTIN (not as neatly organized)

in this pic, STILL HAS NECROSIS & INFECTION (arrows) so REPAIR DENTIN NOT SUFFICIENT FOR HEALING

22
Q

ID SPECIES, DZ, and YELLOW & BLUE ARROWS

A

SPECIES = PIG

DZ = SEVERE CHRONIC PERIODONTAL DZ

YELLOW = SEVERE PERIODONTITIS with DENTAL CALCULUS & GINGIVAL RECESSION

BLUE = MANDIBULAR SWELLING from GIANT POCKET OF FEED MATERIAL w/ SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION

23
Q

STOMATITIS…
overall definition?
7 types?

A

OVERALL = INFLAMMATION OF THE ORAL CAVITY

  1. CATARRHAL = excessive MUCOUS
  2. VESICULAR = SPECIFIC, FRAGILE lesions
  3. EROSIVE/ULCERATIVE = EPITHELIAL DEFECT ABOVE/BELOW BM
  4. GRANULOMATOUS/PYOGRANULOMATOUS = CORE OF NEUTROPHILS (if pro) that are SURROUNDED BY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES/NUCLEATED GIANT CELLS
  5. SUPPURATIVE/ABSCESSING. = NEUTROPHILS +/- FIBRIN
  6. DIPHTHERITIC = PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS, LOOSELY adherent accumulation of NECROTIC TISSUE, FIBRIN, NEUTROPHILS
  7. PROLIFERATIVE = THICKENED, EXOPHYTIC, NODULAR
24
Q

VESICULAR DZ in LA
___ ____ diseases are the MOST COMMON cause of LA VESICULAR DZ
commonality in species?
clinical signs? (2, describe HOW they can present)
3 examples? all of these diseases are WHAT?

A

VIRAL VESICULAR DZ

commonality in species?
RUMINANTS, SWINE > HORSES

clinical signs?
1. can be SIMILAR between species
2. CAN BE ASYMPTOMATIC

3 examples?
1.FOOT & MOUTH DZ VIRUS
2. VESICULAR STOMATITIS
3. SWINE VESICULAR DZ
–> ALL OF THESE DZ ARE FOREIGN/OUTSIDE US

25
Q

FOOT AND MOUTH DZ…
is in WHAT 2 SPECIES but NOT WHAT? (& what TYPE of animals does it affect?)
what TYPE of virus?
lesion distribution? (6)
has ____ MORBIDITY, ____ MORTALITY
2 OVERALL effects that clients experience?

A

species?
1. RUMINANTS, SWINE & NOT HORSES
2. only affects CLOVEN-FOOTED animals

virus type? = PICORNAVIRUS

lesion distribution?
1. NOSE
2. MOUTH (HYPERSALIVATION)
3. FEET (HOOF WALL SEPARATION)
4. CORONARY BAND
5. UDDER
6. possibly LAMENESS

has HIGH MORBIDITY, LOW MORTALITY

2 effects for clients?
1. LOSS OF PRODUCTIVITY/ECONOMICS
2. QUARANTINE to avoid spread

26
Q

PATHOGENESIS of LESIONS in VESICULAR DZ? (6)

A
  1. VIRAL INF of SQUAMOUS CELLS
  2. CELL SWELLING/NECROSIS
  3. FLUID ACCUMULATION causes VESICLES
  4. MECHANICAL DISRUPTION causes the VESICLES to POP
  5. EROSIONS form
  6. either RE-EPITHELIALIZATION or OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIAL INF w/ ULCERS
27
Q

BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS
aka…?
what KIND of disease is this?
dairy vs. beef herds?
what ORGANS does it target? (1 main target, 3 others)
how does ACUTE infection occur?
how does MUCOSAL dz occur? (** something special about this one, what do we do with animals with this form of DZ?)

A

aka BOVINE PESTIVIRUS

what KIND of virus? = VIRAL EROSIVE & ULCERATIVE DZ

DAIRY HERDS > BEEF HERDS

targeted organs?
1. ALIMENTARY TRACT MAIN TARGER
2. respiratory
3. reproductive
4. immune/hematopoietic

ACUTE BVD caused by INFECTION EX-UTERO (horizontal transmission)

MUCOSAL dz?
1. PERSISTENTLY-INFECTED CALVES that have ULCERATIVE LESIONS THROUGHOUT ALIMENTARY TRACT & SHED VIRUS INTO HERD
2. need to CULL PI calves

28
Q

VIRAL EROSIVE & ULCERATIVE DZ…
= definition?
1 example?

A

= forms erosions/ulcers WITHOUT formation of PRIMARY VESICLES/BULLAE

example = BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS

29
Q

BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS…
3 LESIONS with THINGS THEY CAN CAUSE?

A
  1. EPITHELIAL CELL NECROSIS across ENTIRE ALIMENTARY tract = cause INFLAMMATION & SECONDARY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
  2. LYMPHOID NECROSIS = causes MULTIORGAN LYMPHOID DEPLETION and IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
  3. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS = if dam is affected EARLY in pregnancy, can cause DEATH, FETAL MALFORMATIONS, ABORTIONS
30
Q

_____ can also cause BVD, aka “BLEEDER SYNDROME” where there’s NO ____ _____

A

THROMBOCYTOPENIA, GI DZ

31
Q

PARAPOXVIRUSES…
contagion? what precaution should you take?
what kind of DISEASE is this?
3 examples each with what species they’re MORE commonly found in?
causes ____ or ____ DZ (has to do with severity), unless the animal is ____, then it’s ____
what sites are affected? (5)

A

ZOONOTIC, so WEAR GLOVES!!

what kind of DZ? = PAPULAR DZ

3 examples?
1. ORF (contagious pustular dermatitis)
–> SMALL RUMINANTS/CAMELIDS > BOVIDS
2. BOVINE PAPULAR STOMATITIS
–> BOVIDS > SMALL RUMINANTS
3. PSEUDOCOWPOX
–> BOVIDS > SMALL RUMINANTS

causes MILD or SUBCLINICAL DZ unless the animal is IMMUNOSUPPRESSED, then it’s SEVERE

sites affected?
1. LIPS/MUZZLE
2. ORAL CAVITY (esophagus/rumen)
3. UDDER
4. TEATS
5. CORONARY BAND

32
Q

ID DZ

A

PARAPOXVIRUS, likely ORF

33
Q

PATHOGENESIS of PARAPOXVIRUS/PAPULAR DZ (5)

what is the HISTOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY DESCRIPTION?

A
  1. virus ATTACKS EPITHELIAL CELLS
  2. HYPERPLASIA w/ INTRACYTOPLASMIC VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES
  3. EPITHELIAL DEGENERATION & INFLAMMATION
  4. PUSTULES
  5. CRUSTS

histo morph?
“Proliferative, crusting, pustular dermatitis”

34
Q

PAPULAR STOMATITIS….
what kind of disease/virus is this?
what disease does this resemble, with what lesions & why is this a concern? (3)

A

PARAPOXVIRUS/PAPULAR DZ

what disease does this resemble, with what lesions & why is this a concern?
1. resembles FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
2. CRUSTY ULCERATIVE LESIONS IN ORAL CAVITY
3. THIS IS A ZOONOTIC, DANGEROUS DZ

35
Q

ID LESION & DZ

A

ULCERATIVE LESIONS IN ORAL CAVITY

PAPULAR STOMATITIS

36
Q

CALF DIPHTHERIA…
aka..?
occurs in..?
pathogenesis?
what 2 bacteria can cause this? what do these organisms produce?
3 possible clinical signs?

A

aka NECROTIC STOMATITIS & LARYNGITIS

occurs in YOUNG CALVES

pathogenesis?
–> SMALL TRAUMA in a CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT causes OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIAL INF

what 2 bacteria?
1. FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUM
2. TRUPARELLA PYOGENES
–> both PRODUCE TOXINS that cause EXTENSIVE MUCOSAL NECROSIS

3 possible clinical signs?
1. NECROULCERATIVE STOMATITIS from OROPHARYNX –> LARYNX
2. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
3. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

37
Q

ID LESION/DZ in MOUTH

A

NECROTIZING STOMATITIS/LARYNGITIS, “CALF DIPHTHERIA”

38
Q

4 components of DIPHTHERITIC MEMBRANES formed in CALF DIPHTHERIA?

A
  1. FIBRIN
  2. NEUTROPHILS
  3. CELL DEBRIS
  4. BACTERIA
39
Q

BACTERIAL infections in ADULT cattle are often ____ / _____

these infections can occur from… (2)

LESIONS in these infections tend to be..? (1)

2 example diseases w/ organisms?

A

SECONDARY/OPPORTUNISTIC

infections can occur from…
1. introduction of FOREIGN BODIES
2. ORAL CAVITY TRAUMA

LESIONS from these infections? = PYO or just GRANULOMATOUS

2 examples?
1. LUMPY JAW = Actinomyces bovis
2. WOODEN TONGUE = Actinobacillus ligniersii

40
Q

LUMPY JAW…
caused by WHAT bacterium? classification (3, including gram/shape)
how is the bacteria INTRODUCED?
what LESION does it generate (1)/PATHOGENESIS? (3)

A

bacterium = ACTINOMYCES BOVIS

classification
1. GRAM POSITIVE
2. FILAMENTOUS
3. BACILLI

bacteria INTRODUCED THROUGH PENETRATING WOUND, STEMMY HAY could even cause it

lesion?
= PYOGRANYLOMATOUS STOMATITIS
1. DEEPER CELLULITIS can occur & GET INTO ADJACENT BONE
2. Causes OSTEOMYELITIS
3. OSTEOLYSIS occurs with REACTIVE BONY PROLIFERATION –> LUMPY JAW

41
Q

ID LESION & DZ (+ organism)

A

LYTIC lesions in the jaw, “LUMPY JAW” caused by ACTINOMYCES BOVIS

42
Q

describe what DZ you suspect with the following histopathology description of the JAW…

“PYOGRANULOMAS with SULFUR GRANULES”

A

sulfur granules = BACTERIA, ACTINOMYCES BOVIS

“LUMPY JAW”

43
Q

WOODEN TONGUE…
caused by WHAT organism?
2 descriptors for organism?
how does the WOODEN TONGUE manifest? (2)

A

caused by ACTINOBACILLUS LIGNIERSII

2 descriptors?
1. GRAM NEGATIVE
2. COCCOBACILLUS

wooden tongue?
1. PYOGRANULOMATOUS GLOSSITIS
2. big FAT enlargement of tongue

44
Q

describe LESIONS (both what they are grossly & histologically), DZ & ORGANISM that causes it!

A

LESIONS?
1. “SULFUR granules”
2. PYOGRANULOMAS

DZ = WOODEN TONGUE
caused by ACTINOBACILLUS LIGNIERESII

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

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