Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1/2 > Digestion & Metabolism 2: Non-Equine LI Dz > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism 2: Non-Equine LI Dz Flashcards

1
Q

colic is usually specific to either the _____ ____ or ____ ____

A

SMALL INTESTINE or LARGE INTESTINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

signs of colic are not always present in WHAT kinds of lesions?

A

LI INFLAMMATORY LESIONS or COLITIS/D+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is US particularly helpful for diagnosing LI intestinal lesions in CAMELIDS & SMALL RUMINANTS?

A

bc we CANNOT PALPATE THESE ANIMALS PER RECTUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BASIC diagnostics for LI lesions… (6)

A
  1. HISTORY
  2. PE
  3. BASELINE LABS
  4. US
  5. FECAL EGG COUNT
  6. PCR or ELISA for INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS on FECES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 most common CLINICAL SIGNS for CATTLE WITH LI DISEASE… (one is an or)

A
  1. SLOWER DROP IN MILK PRODUCTION/FEED CONSUMPTION
  2. CONSISTENT D+ or LACK OF MANURE
  3. COLIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 most common CLINICAL SIGNS for CAMELIDS WITH LI DISEASE…

A
  1. D+ or ABSENT OUTPUT
  2. TENESMUS
  3. INCREASED ABDOMINAL DISTENTION
  4. SEVERE COLIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why does COLIC tend to be MORE SEVERE for LI OBSTRUCTION in CAMELIDS vs. CATTLE?

A

LESS SPACE/NOT AS LARGE OF AN LI IN CAMELIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 distinct anatomical regions of LI that can be affected by INTESTINAL DZ?

A
  1. CECUM
  2. SPIRAL COLON
  3. DESCENDING COLON
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a RIGHT-SIDED PING indicates a problem with WHAT part of LI?

what 2 problems?

A

CECUM

cecal DISTENTION or VOLVULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

INFLAMMATORY lesions in the LI tend to show ____ signs when compared to ____ Dz

A

CHRONIC signs (takes a long time to show up) when compared to SI Dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examination should be aimed at distinguishing ____ vs. ____ if we suspect LI dz in NON-EQUINE LA

what can make this differentiation MORE DIFFICULT?

A

OBSTRUCTION vs. INFLAMMATION

NO D+ CAN MAKE THIS MORE DIFFICULT!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why should we start observing animals FROM A DISTANCE during PE?

A

because LOOKING FOR SIGNS OF COLIC or D+ and CAMELIDS/SMALL RUMINANTS TEND TO BE NON-DEMONSTRATIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

5 common PE findings for CAMELIDS/SMALL RUMINANTS for LI DZ?

A
  1. signs of SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION/PAIN
  2. TACHYCARDIA
  3. ABDOMINAL DISTENTION
  4. DEHYDRATION/CARDIOVASCULAR COMPROMISE
  5. R-sided PING
  6. SUCCUSSION (fluid/gas)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 common PALPATION PER RECTUM findings for LI DZ…

A
  1. DISTENDED CECUM = “BREAD BOX”
  2. DISTENDED SPIRAL COLON
  3. D+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if we find D+ on palpation per rectum, this localizes disease to the….

A

LI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

camelids are more likely to show WHAT 2 clinical signs more than cattle in LI DZ?

A
  1. SIGNS OF SEVERE INFLAMMATION/SIRS
  2. ABDOMINAL DISTENTION due to anatomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

would we expect to see HYPOCHLOREMIC METABOLIC ALKALOSIS in LI dz? why or why not?

A

NO, because that’s only in SI lesions because HCl NOT NORMALLY ABSORBED IN SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if we see DISTENDED LOOPS OF BOWEL ON US (shown), what 2 possible lesions can it be?

A
  1. DISTENDED SPIRAL COLON
  2. DISTENDED SI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DDxs for D+ in CATTLE… (6)

A
  1. SALMONELLA
  2. CORONAVIRUS
  3. BVDV
  4. JOHNE’S DZ
  5. CALF D+
  6. ENTEROTOXEMIA caused by C. PERFRINGENS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is WINTER DYSENTERY?

A

CORONAVIRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF D+ in CAMELIDS?

give 3 examples?

4 other DISEASES?

A

ENDOPARASITISM

3 examples?
1. HOT complex (Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Teladorsagia)
2. EIMERIA
3. TRICHURIS (whipworms)

4 other diseases?
1. SALMONELLA
2. C PERFRINGENS
3. NEOPLASIA
4. JOHNE’S DZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

JOHNE’S DZ…

what is the name of the organism?

chronicity?

it’s an infection of the ___ ____

6 species it appears in?

incubation period?

95% of infected cattle….

2 transmissions?

A

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM subs. PARATUBERCULOSIS (MAP)

CHRONIC

infection of the GI TRACT

6 species?
1. CAMELIDS
2. CATTLE
3. SHEEP
4. GOATS
5. BISON
6. DEER

incubation period = 2-10 YEARS, so HARD TO MANAGE

95% of infected cattle NEVER SHOW CLINICAL SIGNS EVER

2 transmissions?
1. FECAL-ORAL, often in maternity pen
2. IN-UTERO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

clinical signs in JOHNE’S DZ tend to appear… (2)

A
  1. AFTER incubation
  2. or at least AFTER 2 YEARS
24
Q

4 common CLINICAL SIGNS of JOHNE’S DZ?

for the third clinical sign, what is the LIKELIHOOD in small ruminants, cattle, camelids?

A
  1. WEIGHT LOSS –> SEVERE EMACIATION
  2. DECREASED MILK PRODUCTION from D+
  3. DIARRHEA
    CATTLE > CAMELIDS&raquo_space; SMALL RUMINANTS
  4. DISTAL LIMB & SUBMANDIBULAR EDEMA due to HYPOPROTEINEMIA
25
Q

4 stages of JOHNE’S DZ INFECTION

A

STAGE 1 = INVASION PHASE
–> patient ingests mycobacterium & INVADES INTESTINAL CELLS

STAGE 2 = ECLIPSE PHASE
–> shedding but NOT DETECTABLE ON TESTS & NO CLINICAL SIGNS
–> lasts 2-10 years

STAGE 3 = ASYMPTOMATIC PHASE
–> occurs AFTER INCUBATION PERIOD, so still SHEDDING but FECAL & SERUM POSITIVE

STAGE 4 = CLINICAL SIGNS PHASE
–> HEAVY SHEDDING
–> BAD CLINICAL SIGNS w/ EMACIATION & D+ (if cow or camelid)

26
Q

JOHNE’S DZ can occur in _____ age cows but ____ are most susceptible

A

ANY age cows but CALVES are most susceptible

27
Q

how long does JOHNE’S DZ cause infection?

what 2 big problems does it cause for herds?

A

JOHNE’S DZ IS A LIFELONG INFECTION WITH NO TX

2 problems?
1. DECREASED MILK PRODUCTION
2. TRANSMISSION TO OTHER HERD MEMBERS VERY POSSIBLE

28
Q

TESTING for JOHNE’S DZ….

when should we perform INDIVIDUAL testing? what 3 tests can we run & what’s the GOLD STANDARD?

what’s the goal of HERD testing?

what KINDS of samples should we use for HERDS?

if a test is POSITIVE, what does that mean?

A

perform INDIVIDUAL testing for PATIENTS WITH CLINICAL SIGNS

3 tests for INDIVIDUALS?
1. FECAL CULTURE IS THE GOLD STANDARD, fecal PCR can also be done
2. SEROLOGY (should be +)
3. MILK ELISA (should be +)

goal of HERD testing = TO DETECT & CULL POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS

we should use POOLED samples for herds

if a test is POSITIVE = animal is SHEDDING

29
Q

CATTLE LI OBSTRUCTIONS tend to present as ___ ____

CAMELID LI OBSTRUCTIONS tend to be ___ ____ ____, but can also be what other 2 things?

in ALL OF THESE, what TYPE of lesions are these?

A

CATTLE LI OBSTRUCTIONS = CECAL DILATATION

CAMELID OBSTRUCTIONS tend to be SPIRAL COLON FECALITHS, but can also be…
1. CECAL IMPACTIONS
2. SPIRAL COLON IMPACTIONS

all are NON-STRANGULATING LESIONS

30
Q

if a NON-EQUINE LA has a LI OBSTRUCITON, then it REQUIRES…

A

SURGERY

31
Q

FAT NECROSIS around the DESCENDING COLON…

causes WHAT kind of obstruction?

common in WHAT 2 kinds of animals?

causes WHAT clinical sign?

A

causes DESCENDING COLON/RECTUM OBSTRUCTION

common in…
1. HIGH BCS CATTLE
2. BEEF CATTLE

causes REDUCED MANURE PRODUCTION

32
Q

NEOPLASIA/LYMPHOMA…

causes WHAT kind of obstruction?

causes WHAT clinical sign?

A

causes DESCENDING COLON/RECTUM OBSTRUCTION

causes REDUCED MANURE PRODUCTION

33
Q

RECTAL PROLAPSE…

causes WHAT kind of obstruction?

usually associated with what 3 clinical signs?

in PIGS, can be related to…. (1)

3 tx options?

A

causes DESCENDING COLON/RECTUM OBSTRUCTIONS

usually associated with…
1. TENESMUS
2. hx of D+
3. TAIL DOCKING

can be related to HORMONES in pigs

3 tx?
1. EPIDURAL
2. REPLACEMENT
3. +/- RESECTION

34
Q

for INFLAMMATORY/INFILTRATIVE DZ, we usually see WHAT clinical sign?

A

D+

35
Q

CECAL TORSION…

what KIND of lesion is this?

what SPECIES is most likely to get it?

A

STRANGULATING LI LESION

common in CATTLE

36
Q

SPIRAL COLON VOLVULUS…

what KIND of lesion is this?

what SPECIES is most likely to get it?

in CATTLE, causes what sign?

A

STRANGULATING LI LESION

most common in CAMELIDS

in CATTLE, causes ACUTE SEVERE PAIN

37
Q

INTUSSUSCEPTION in LI…

what KIND of lesion is this?

what are the 2 types? (name & description)

common in WHAT 3 species?

overall commonality?

A

STRANGULATING LI LESION

2 types?
1. CECOCECAL = cecal APEX going into BODY
2. CECOCOLIC = cecum going into ASCENDING COLON

3 species?
1. CALVES
2. ALPACAS
3. LLAMAS

overall RARE

38
Q

CECAL DILATATION…

what KIND of lesion is this?

= what is it?

what SPECIES can we see this in?

A

NON-STRANGULATING OBSTRUCTION

= DILATATION with GAS/DIGESTA prevents ANYTHING FROM GETTING THROUGH ILEUM

can see in CATTLE

39
Q

CECAL RETROFLEXION…

what KIND of lesion is it?

= what happens?

what SPECIES can we see this in?

A

NON-STRANGULATING LESION

= ILEOCECAL-COLIC JUNCTION flips either DORSALLY or VENTRALLY, causing the cecum to point CRANIALLY when it should be pointing CAUDALLY

can see in CATTLE

40
Q

if you see these clinical signs in A COW…
1. R-SIDED DISTENTION
2. R-SIDED PING
3. CECAL DISTENTION on PALPATION PER RECTUM

then WHAT 3 disorders would you suspect?

OVERALL, WHAT ARE THESE?

A
  1. CECAL DILATATION
  2. CECAL RETROFLEXION
  3. CECAL TORSION

OVERALL = CECAL DISORDERS

41
Q

MEDICAL or Sx management for CECAL DISORDERS depends on… (2)

if in doubt, what should you do?

A
  1. DIAGNOSIS = is it INFLAMMATORY or OBSTRUCTIVE
    (IF OBSTRUCTIVE –> SX)
  2. RESPONSE TO MEDICAL STABILIZATION

if in doubt, SURGICAL EXPLORATION!

42
Q

5 medical managements for LI DZ in NON-EQUINES… (small ruminants & camelids)

hints: nutrition, transplant, inflammation, sepsis parasites

A
  1. NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT = remove GRAIN/SILAGE or any LONGSTEM ROUGHAGE
  2. GI SUPPORT via TRANSFAUNATION, THIAMINE or PANTOPRAZOLE
  3. NSAIDs (flunixin meglumine) for INFLAMMATION
  4. +/- BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIMICROBIALS if worried about TRANSLOCATION ACROSS VERY INFLAMED COLON OR GI MUCOSA
  5. PARASITE DEWORMERS or COCCIDIOSTATS for EIMERIA
43
Q

for OBSTRUCTIVE lesions in the LI, what 3 different procedures can we perform?

for all 3, what APPROACH do we use?

usually ____ are STANDING, while ___ ____ ____ are ______

A

3 procedures?
1. ENTEROTOMY
2. REDUCTION
3. ANASTOMOSIS

for all 3, use a RIGHT PARALUMBAR APPROACH

usually CATTLE standing, while CAMELIDS, SMALL RUMINANTS, CALVES are ANESTHETIZED

44
Q

2 indications for ENTEROTOMY?

A
  1. CECAL DISORDERS
  2. SINGLE SPIRAL COLON CECOLITHS/IMPACTIONS
45
Q

2 indications for REDUCTION?

A
  1. CECAL TORSION
  2. SPIRAL COLON VOLVULUS
46
Q

1 indication for ANASTOMOSIS?

A

ATRESIA COLI

47
Q

TYPHLOTOMY is used for ____ diseases in _____, which include… (3)

use WHAT kind of approach under _____ _____

A

used for CECAL diseases in CATTLE, including…
1. CECAL DILATATION
2. CECAL RETROVERSION
3. CECAL TORSION

use RIGHT PARALUMBAR approach under LOCAL ANESTHESIA

48
Q

ATRESIA COLI…

what AGE/ANIMAL most susceptible?

usually 2 historical findings?

tends to occur in WHAT 2 regions?

common in WHAT BREED?

associated with WHAT veterinary procedure?

A

usually NEWBORN CALVES

2 hx…
1. ABDOMINAL DISTENTION & PAIN
2. LACK OF MECONIUM or FECAL PRODUCTION

tends to occur in…
1. SPIRAL COLON (mid)
2. ASCENDING LOOP

common in HOLSTEINS (DAIRY CATTLE)

associated with PALPATION OF EMBRYONIC VESICLE AT 42 DAYS PREGNANCY

49
Q

once ATRESIA COLI is suspected, what should we do? why?

A

we should do PROMPT SURGICAL INTERVENTION

CALVES CAN BE COME VERY SEPTIC/SEPTIC PERITONITIS QUICKLY

50
Q

PRIOR to sx for ATRESIA COLI, what should we do for the patient?

3 treatments?

what KIND of anastomosis should be performed at the end?

A

we should STABILIZE THE PATIENT prior to sx

3 treatments?
1. IV FLUIDS
2. BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
3. +/- PLASMA TRANSFUSION

should perform a SIDE-TO-SIDE ANASTOMOSIS to try and EQUALIZE LUMEN SIZE BETWEEN BOWELS

51
Q

ATRESIA ANI..

how is it diagnosed?

what SPECIES is it more common in?

usually associated with OTHER ___ ___, such as… (4)

common CLINICAL SIGN?

treatment?

A

diagnosis = LIFT UP TAIL & NO ANUS THERE

more common in BEEF&raquo_space; DAIRY breeds

usually associated with OTHER CONGENITAL DEFECTS, such as…
1. POLYDACTYLY
2. CLEFT PALATE
3. CONGENITAL HEART PROBLEMS
4. ABSENT/CROOKED TAIL

clinical sign = LACK OF MECONIUM PRODUCTION

treatment = SURGICALLY CREATE AN ANUS

52
Q

RECTAL PROLAPSE…

occurs more commonly in WHAT 3 species?

grade 1-4?

A

occurs more commonly in…
1. CATTLE
2. SHEEP
3. PIGS

GRADE 1 = MUCOSA ONLY
–> VERY UNCOMMON

GRADE 2 = COMPLETE PROLAPSE OF ALL LAYERS

GRADE 3 = VARIABLE AMOUNT OF DESCENDING COLON INTUSSCEPTS into the RECTUM + GRADE 2

GRADE 4 = RECTUM + DESCENDING COLON PROLAPSE

53
Q

if we have a GRADE 4 RECTAL PROLAPSE, it’s usually…

A

usually NOT FIXABLE bc LOSS OF VASCULAR SUPPLY

54
Q

tx for GRADE 1 vs GRADE 2 RECTAL PROLAPSE?

A

GRADE 1 = REPLACEMENT + PURSE STRING SUTURES

GRADE 2 = SUBMUCOSAL RESECTION & SUTURE ENDS TOGETHER

55
Q

tx for GRADE 3 RECTAL PROLAPSE?

why can this be difficult?

A

FULL THICKNESS RESECTION & ANASTOMOSIS

difficult bc often HEMORRHAGE and HARD TO DO

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions