Digestion & Metabolism 2: Poultry Intestinal Dz Flashcards
COCCIDIOSIS…
what TYPE of ORGANISM? what’s the GENUS?
tends to affect WHAT SPECIES? (2)
signs? (3) which one INDICATES this disease?
HIGH likelihood of…
PROTOZOA, EIMIERIUM
affects…
1. CHICKENS
2. TURKEYS
signs?
1. BLOODY DROPPINGS –> INDICATES DZ
2. DROOPY/DEPRESSED
3. D+
HIGH likelihood of MORTALITY
4 IMPORTANT strains of COCCIDIA & their LOCATIONS in CHICKENS?
these strains are ALL…
- EIMERIA ACERVULINA = DUODENUM
- EIMERIA MAXIMA = JEJUNUM
- EIMERIA NECATRIX = JEJUNUM
- EIMERIA TENELLA = CECUM
these strains are ALL TREATED THE SAME WAY
COCCIDIOSIS..
mostly affects COMMERCIAL birds between WHAT ages? in BACKYARD birds, can affect…
COCCIDIA common in environments where…
a common lesIon? what does it mean? (2)
usually affects COMMERCIAL YOUNG birds between 3-6 WEEKS, but in BACKYARD birds can be ANY AGE
COCCIDIA common in environments where LITTER GETS MOIST & WET
common lesion = “PASTING” of the vent, meaning it’s FECES or URATES on the VENTS
–> FECES = D+
–> URATES = RENAL FAILURE
in DUODENUM of bird, WHAT ORGANISM IS THIS?
EIMERIA ACERVULINA
EIMERIA MAXIMA/NECATRIX
location? (2 names but same location)
pathophysiology? (1 overall thing, then 3)
what SECONDARY dz can it cause?
LOCATION = JEJUNUM/MIDGUT
pathophysiology? DISRUPTS IN MIDGUT…
1. INTESTINAL LINING
2. MOVEMENT OF FOOD
3. pH
can cause SECONDARY NECROTIC ENTERITIS
ID LESION in MIDGUT/JEJUNUM (2 possible organisms)
- EIMERIA NECATRIX
- EIMERIA MAXIMA
birds have a ___ cecum
PAIRED
ID LESION?
3 possible dz? give ONE specific organism for second one
BLOODY CECAL CORE
- SALMONELLA
- COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA TENELLA)
- HISTOMONIASIS or BLACKHEAD
TURKEYS vs. CHICKENS COCCIDIA?
TURKEYS ARE INFECTED BY THEIR OWN COCCIDIA, NO CROSSOVER & DIFFERENT LESIONS
DIAGNOSIS of COCCIDIOSIS (2)
- on NECROPSY EXAM, SCRAPE INTESTINAL LINING from NECROPSY SPECIMEN
- FECAL FLOATATION (let it GO LONGER THAN NORMAL)
TREATMENT for COCCIDIOSIS (2)
which drug is ONLY limited to ___ birds?
- mostly AMPROLINUM (CORID)
- SULFA DRUGS –> LIMITED TO GAME BIRDS
FOUR PREVENTION for COCCIDIOSIS? which one is KEY?
which is ONLY in COMMERCIAL industry? when is it given (& which one is MOST of the time)? (2)
- LIVE vaccines to BOOST IMMUNITY
- ANTICOCCIDIALS
- HOUSE MANAGEMENT
- DRY LITTER –> KEY
only LIVE VACCINES given to COMMERCIAL BIRDS, and given…
1. HATCHERY –> MOST OF THE TIME
2. TRANSPORTATION FROM HATCHERY TO FARM
what 2 diseases are ASSOCIATED with COCCIDIOSIS? these diseases are BOTH…
what can INCREASE severity & INCIDENCE of disease?
2 diseases…
1. NECROTIC ENTERITIS
2. ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS
–> these diseases are BOTH CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTIONS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION can INCREASE SEVERITY & INCIDENCE of DZ
NECROTIC ENTERITIS…
= definition?
affects what 2 species?
chronicity?
often secondary to…
what other 2 things can cause it?
2 clinical signs?
= BACTERIAL ENTERIC DZ
affects…
1. CHICKENS
2. TURKEYS
chronicity = ACUTE
often secondary to COCCIDIOSIS
other 2 things?
1. EATING FISH or WHEAT causing a DISTURBANCE OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA
2. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION from INFECTIOUS BURSAL DZ
2 signs?
1. DEPRESSION
2. HIGH MORTALITY
2 descriptions for the INTESTINE? (top)
1 description for the MUCOSA? (bottom)
WHAT DZ?
INTESTINE = FRIABLE & SWOLLEN
MUCOSA = NECROTIC
NECROTIC ENTERITIS
NECROTIC ENTERITIS…
diagnosis? (2, plus two findings for second)
prevention? (2)
can treat with ??? if needed
diagnosis..
1. GROSS EXAM
2. HISTOPATHOLOGY (necrosis, coccidial OOCYST)
prevention?
1. COCCIDIAL CONTROL
2. FEED ADDITIVES & PROBIOTICS to get GUT MICROFLORA BACK UNDER CONTROL
can treat with ANTIBIOTICS if needed
ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS…
often secondary to…
seen in WHAT 2 species? which one more commonly/severely?
etiologic agent?
spread via…
see WHAT in GI tract?
how can SYSTEMIC dz occur?
treatment?
often secondary to COCCIDIOSIS
seen in..
1. QUAIL –> MOST COMMON AND SEVERE
2. CHICKENS (occasionally)
etiologic agent = CLOSTRIDIUM COLINUM
spread via DROPPINGS
see GI ULCERS
SYSTEMIC DZ = intestinal wall thin/ulcer can BREAK OPEN & cause SYSTEMIC infection
treat via ANTIBIOTICS
in GI of QUAIL…
DZ?
ETIOLOGIC AGENT?
ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS
CLOSTRIDIUM COLINUM
what is the MAIN intestinal parasite in birds in COMMERCIAL & BACKYARD birds?
occasionally, what OTHER parasite can we see?
ROUNDWORMS
occasionally, can also see TAPEWORMS
CECAL worms…
can carry WHAT dz? (2 names)?
causes WHAT sign?
can carry BLACKHEAD or HISTOMONIASIS
causes CYANOSIS of HEAD
ROUNDWORMS & CECAL WORMS…
what TYPE of life cycle?
tx? what is this tx approved for?
DIRECT life cycle
treatment = SAFE-GUARD or AQUASOL (FENBENDAZOLE)
–> approved for LAYERS with NO WITHDRAWAL
TAPEWORMS…
what TYPE of life cycle?
name IHs? (3)
tx in birds?
INDIRECT life cycle
IHs?
1. FLIES
2. BEETLES
3. EARTHWORMS
NO TREATMENT IN BIRDS
HISTOMONIASIS…
aka “common name” or clinical name?
what KIND of dz is this?
etiologic agent?
affects what 5 species? PRIMARILY affects what 2 species? which one can CARRY them?
chronicity?
3 clinical signs?
aka “BLACKHEAD” or ENTERO-HEPATITIS
PROTOZOAL dz
etiologic agent = HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS
affects..
1. TURKEYS –> PRIMARILY
2. PEAFOWLS –> PRIMARILY
3. QUAIL
4. GROUSE
5. CHICKENS –> CARRIER
ACUTE
signs?
1. DEPRESSION
2. SULFUR-COLORED D+
3. HIGH MORTALITY
2 PATHOGNOMONIC findings on GROSS anatomy for HISTOMONIASIS?
- IRREGULAR, ROUND DEPRESSED AREAS IN THE LIVER
- CECAL CORES
id LESION on liver
ID DZ
IRREGULAR, ROUND DEPRESSED LESIONS
HISTOMONIASIS
HISTOMONIASIS transmission? (3 ways)
- PECK AT GROUND & get organism DIRECTLY
- PECK AT GROUND & get CECAL WORM that has PROTOZOA IN IT
- PECK AT GROUND & get EARTHWORM that has PROTOZOA IN IT
HISTOMONIASIS…
definitive diagnosis?
treatment? this CANNOT be used if…
diagnosis? = PATHOGNOMONIC GROSS LESIONS
treatment? = FLAGYL
–> CANNOT be used if animal is being raised for HUMAN CONSUMPTION
prevention?
1. ROTATE PASTURES
2. keep CHICKENS & TURKEYS SEPARATED bc chickens can carry it
ID LESION…
DZ? (3 possible)
CECAL CORE
DZ?
1. HISTOMONIASIS
2. SALMONELLA
3. COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA TENELLA)
