Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1/2 > Digestion & Metabolism 2: Gastric DZ SA > Flashcards

Digestion & Metabolism 2: Gastric DZ SA Flashcards

1
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS of gastric dz….
MOST COMMON sign? what 2 ways can it present?
4 other signs?

A

MOST COMMON sign = VOMITING
1. HEMATEMESIS = FRANK blood (RED)
2. “COFFEE GROUNDS” = DIGESTED BLOOD W/ VOMITUS (BROWN)

4 other signs?
1. ANOREXIA
2. WEIGHT LOSS
3. ABDOMINAL PAIN
4. MELENA (BLACK TARRY STOOL w/ DIGESTED BLOOD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DYSPHAGIA vs. REGURGITATION vs. VOMITING for EJECTION TIME & ABDOMINAL RETCH?

A

DYSPHAGIA…
1. IMMEDIATE ejection
2. NO abdominal retch

REGURGITATION…
1. MINUTES to HOURS for EJECTION
2. RARELY TO NEVER ABDOMINALLY RETCHES

VOMITING…
1. MINUTES to HOURS for EJECTION
2. ALWAYS HAS ABDOMINAL RETCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the ___ ____ causes VOMITING via 4 different pathways, AND THEY ARE/HOW….
there are DRUGS that can TARGET…

A

VOMITING CENTER

pathways?
1. CEREBRAL CORTEX = being NERVOUS/STRESSED
2. CHEMORECEPTOR TRIGGER ZONE (CRTZ) = present OUTSIDE BBB and ANTIGENS can stimulate it, like UREMIC TOXINS
3. VESTIBULAR APPARATUS = MOTION SICKNESS
4. ABDOMINAL ORGANS = STRETCH RECEPTORS

DRUGS can TARGET different receptors IN EACH PATHWAY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ANTIEMETICS…
4 types & names?

A
  1. NK-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
    –> MAROPITANT (CERENIA)
  2. 5-HT3 SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
    –> ONDANSETRON, DOLASETRON
  3. DOPAMINE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
    –> METOCLOPRAMIDE
  4. ALPHA-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
    –> CHLORPORMAZINE (THORAZINE), PROCHLORPERAZINE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MAROPITANT…
brand name?
what kind of drug?
what’s SPECIAL about our use of it?

A

brand name = CERENIA

type? = NK-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (anti-emetic)

we DO NOT follow FDA rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ONDANSETRON/DOLASETRON type of drug?

A

5-HT3 SEROTONIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (anti-emetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

METOCLOPRAMIDE…
brand name?
dogs vs. cats?
drug type?
works on WHAT part of the brain? what kinds of causes of vomiting is it good to combat?
most effective when given HOW?

A

brand = REGLAN

DOGS&raquo_space;> CATS

DOPAMINE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (anti-emetic)

works on the CRTZ, so good for BLOODBORNE causes of VOMITING

most effective when given as IV CRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CHLORPROMAZINE/PROCHLORPERAZINE drug type?

are these used often?

A

ALPHA-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (anti-emetics)

NOT USED OFTEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MELENA indicates that there’s ___ in the vomitus

A

BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if ACUTELY vomiting, more likely….

GI-related? (3)
EXTRA-GI? (5)

A

GI-related?
1. GI OBSTRUCTION (foreign body or mass)
2. INFLAMMATION (non-specific gastritis, toxin ingestion, abrupt diet change)
3. ULCERATION

EXTRA-GI?
1. IATROGENIC
2. PANCREATITIS
3. RENAL FAILURE
4. HEPATOBILIARY DZ
5. ADDISON’S DZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

indications for AGGRESSIVE diagnostic approach for…

ACUTE vomiting?

A

ACUTE?
1. MENTAL DULLNESS
2. FEVER
3. ABDOMINAL PAIN
4. TACHYCARDIA

CHRONIC
1. POOR BCS
2. SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT LOSS
3. ABDOMINAL MASS
4. PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if we have HIGH BUN but NORMAL CREATINTINE, what does this indicate?

A

BLOOD being digested in the GI tract! NOT KIDNEY-CAUSED because BUN produced from BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 HEMATOLOGICAL signs for supporting ULCERATION?

A
  1. ANEMIA
  2. LOW TOTAL PROTEIN
  3. HIGH BUN w/ NORMAL creatinine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NON-SPECIFIC GASTRITIS…
commonality?
= what is it?
2 potential causes?
history/PE tends to be…
treatment? (3)

A

VERY COMMON cause of acute vomiting

= gastric inflammation of an UNDETERMINED CAUSE that responds to CONSERVATIVE therapy typically

causes?
1. SPOILED FOOD
2. SUDDEN DIET CHANGE

history/PE tends to be BENIGN

treatment?
1. NPO for 12-24 HOURS
2. BLAND DIET for 2-3 DAYS
3. GRADUAL REINTRODUCTION of ORIGINAL DIET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PARIETAL cells…
where are they located?
what do they produce/how?
mediated by what 3 chemicals?
inhibited by WHAT DRUGS?

A

location?
–> present in the STOMACH

what do they produce/how?
–> help produce GASTRIC ACID via HYDROGEN-POTASSIUM ATPase that EXCRETES H in EXCHANGE FOR K

MEDIATED BY…
1. GASTRIN
2. ACh
3. HISTAMINE

INHIBITED by PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GASTRIC ULCERATION/EROSION…
caused GENERALLY by… (2)
specific causes w/ reasons? (8)

A

caused GENERALLY by…
1. ANY INCREASE IN GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION
2. or DECREASED BARRIER FUNCTION

SPECIFIC causes?
1. NSAIDs = causes INHIBITION of PG synthesis

  1. MSTs = release HISTAMINE which INCREASES GASTRIC ACID PRODUCTION
  2. ADDISON’S = NO GCCs DECREASE MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW –> GI MUCOSAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTIONAL
  3. GASTRINOMA = increased GASTRIN production by MALIGNANT PANCREATIC CELLS
  4. CKD = HYPERGASTRINEMIA from KIDNEYS or UREMIC TOXINS DEGRADE MUCOSA
  5. LIVER DZ = PORTAL HYPERTENSION leads to DECREASED GI mucosal blood flow
  6. NEOPLASIA/IBD
  7. TRAUMA = foreign bodies
17
Q

GASTRIC ULCERATION/EROSION…
5 common clinical signs?
DEFINITIVE diagnosis is ____ & REQUIRES ____/____
other diagnoses? (2)

A

clinical signs?
1. V+
2. HEMATEMESIS
3. MELENA
4. ANOREXIA
5. ABDOMINAL PAIN (cranially)

DEFINITIVE diagnosis is INVASIVE & requires ENDOSCOPY/SX

diagnosis?
1. CLINICAL SIGNS (high index of suspicion can be enough for tx)
2. RESPONSE TO THERAPY

18
Q

TREATMENT of GASTRIC ULCERATION/EROSION…
6 overall
hints: underlying diseases, drugs continuing, 2 kinds of drugs, food

A
  1. treat UNDERLYING DZ process
  2. DISCONTINUE ULCEROGENIC meds
  3. SYMPTOMATIC/SUPPORTIVE therapy (fluids, antiemetics, analgesics)
  4. NUTRITION
    –> no food 12-24 hours or until V+ stops
    –> LOW FAT LOW PROTEIN
  5. DECREASE GASTRIC ACIDITY via DECREASING PRODUCTION (proton pump inhibitor)
  6. PROTECT THE ULCER FROM ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
19
Q

H-K ATPase ANTAGONISTS…
AKA?
2 examples/routes they’re given?
blocks ____ ____ step in….
drug of choice for WHAT?

A

AKA PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

2 examples?
1. OMEPERAZOLE = ORAL route mostly
2. PANTOPRAZOLE = INJECTABLE route mostly

blocks FINAL COMMON step in ACID PRODUCTION

drug of choice for GASTRIC ULCER

20
Q

FAMOTIDINE….
type of drug?
often used with WHAT ROUTE for WHAT PROBLEM while waiting for what?

A

HISTAMINE-2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

often used as CRI for animal with ACUTE GASTRIC ULCERATION while waiting for PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS to be effective

21
Q

MISOPROSTOL
type of drug?
indications? (2)
CONTRAindication?

A

SYNTHETIC PROSTAGLANDIN

indications?
1. protective against NSAID-INDUCED ULCERATION in DOGS
2. can help PREVENT gastric ulceration

CONTRAindication?
–> NOT GOOD FOR OTHER CAUSES OF ULCERATION

22
Q

SUCRALFATE…
aims to do WHAT?
3 things it does/pathophys?

A

aims to PROTECT GASTRIC ULCERS

3 pathophys?
1. binds to NECROTIC PROTEINS at the BASE OF AN ULCER in ACIDIC pH
2. helps act as a DIFFUSION BARRIER against H+ IONS
3. INCREASES MUCOUS and LOCAL PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCTION

23
Q

BARIUM can occasionally be used to….

A

PROTECT ULCERS

not much research

24
Q

gastric ULCERATION/EROSION INDICATIONS for SX to RESECT it? (3)

A
  1. if stomach PERFORATES
  2. animal having INTRACTABLE BLOOD LOSS (needing transfusions)
  3. FAIL TO RESPOND TO MEDICAL MANAGEMENT WITHIN 5-7 DAYS
25
Q
A

Year 1/2 (139 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions