Digestion & Metabolism 2: SA Common GI Parasites Flashcards
ASCARIDS…
“common name?”
4 organisms? (not species)
prevalence?
adult worms… (4: where they live, size, color, morphology)
how FERTILE are these worms?
how RESISTANT are the eggs?
“ROUNDWORMS”
4 organisms?
1. TOXOCARA CANIS
2. TOXOCARA CATI
3. TOXASCARIS LEONINA
4. BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS
HIGHLY prevalent across US!
ADULT WORMS…
1. live in SI
2. LARGE
3. CREAM-colored
4. has 3 PROMINENT LIPS on ANTIERIOR end
ID PARASITE
CERVICAL ALAE = ???
ROUNDWORM (ascarid)
CERVICAL ALAE = CUTICULAR EXPANSION
TOXOCARA CANIS/CATI…
what type of parasite? (2 names)
commonality/age?
what type of life cycle?
2 types of hosts?
contagion?
PPP?
ASCARID/ROUNDWORM
VERY common among YOUNG ANIMALS
DIRECT life cycle
can have DEFINITIVE but SOMETIMES PARATENIC hosts
CAN BE ZOONOTIC
PPP = 1-2 MONTHS
TOXOCARA LEONINA…
what organism is this? (2 names)
frequency when compared to T. canis?
can infect WHAT 3 SPECIES?
contagion?
what 2 methods of transmission DO NOT OCCUR?
ASCARID/ROUNDWORM
LESS frequent than T. canis
3 species…
1. CATS
2. DOGS
3. WILD ANIMALS
NOT zoonotic
2 methods of transmission that DOES NOT OCCUR?
1. TRANSPLACENTAL
2. TRANSMAMMARY
BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS…
what organism is this? (2 names)
life cycle type?
what acts as the INTERMEDIATE host?
contagion/geography?
ASCARID/ROUNDWORM
has INDIRECT life cycle
SMALL MAMMALS are INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
is ZOONOTIC across NORTH AMERICA
LIFE cycle of SA ROUNDWORMS…
how is the disease TRANSMITTED? (2)
TRACHEAL larval migration process? (2)
SOMATIC larval migration process? (2)
what determines the FATE of the larvae? give the two options
transmission?
1. INDIRECT OR DIRECT life cycle
2. INGESTION of INFECTIVE EGGS CONTAINING L3
TRACHEAL larval migration process?
1. LARVAE migrate through LIVER & LUNGS
2. then SWALLOWED to DEVELOP IN SI
SOMATIC larval migration process?
1. if LARVA DO NOT ENTER ALVEOLUS in lung, it’s RETURNED TO THE HEART by PULMONARY VEINS
2. larvae then MIGRATE TO SOMATIC TISSUE & ENCYST AS L3
FATE of larvae depends on AGE/IMMUNE status of dog..
1. DOGS < 5 WEEKS = develops in INTESTINE
2. DOGS > 5 WEEKS = migrates to SOMATIC tissue
in CATS with ROUNDWORMS, what 2 kinds of transmission DO NOT OCCUR? what species CAN this occur in?
what method of transmissions is MOST COMMON?
- TRANSPLACENTAL
- PRENATAL
–> THIS CAN OCCUR IN DOGS, SO PUPPIES CAN BE BORN INFECTED
common to have INGESTION OF PARATENIC HOST
PATHOGENESIS of roundworms…
cause WHAT LEVEL of dz?
more common in what AGE/SPECIES?
4 clinical signs? (& one that’s most important)
if the common species is infected PRENATALLY, what DISEASE can occur? (2 names but it’s one thing)
causes SEVERE DISEASE!
more common in DOGS <1 YEAR OLD
clinical signs?
1. POT-BELLIED APPEARANCE (important)
2. POOR HAIR coat
3. OBSTRUCTION of intestine
4. FAILURE to gain weight
if dogs INFECTED PRENATALLY, can cause SECONDARY PNEUMONIA or VERMINOUS PNEUMONITIS
what DZ should we suspect in this puppy?
ROUNDWORM/ASCARIDS
(T. canis, T. leonina)
TOXOCARA CANIS…
commonality?
what’s the MOST IMPORTANT route of transmission?
what 2 things contribute to HIGH PREVALENCE of T. canis?
VERY common in YOUNG PUPS, “virtually all pups are born infected”
MOST IMPORTANT route of transmission = TRANSPLACENTAL
high prevalence?
1. TRANSPLACENTAL transmission
2. HARDY NATURE OF LARVATED EGGS
TOXOCARA CATI…
severity of DZ compared to dogs with T. canis?
what is the most IMPORTANT route of transmission?
2 differences when compared to T. canis infection?
T. CATI tends to cause LESS SEVERE DZ than T. CANIS in DOGS
infection occurs via INGESTION OF PARATENIC HOST
when compared to T. canis…
1. PRENATAL INFECTION via PLACENTA DOES NOT OCCUR
2. TRACHEAL MIGRATION in EGG INFECTION remains HIGH THROUGHOUT CAT’S LIFE
PUBLIC HEALTH considerations for ROUNDWORM…
who is it a danger for?
VLM (5 invasion sites) and OLM (2 possible outcomes) clinical presentations in HUMANS?
BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS can cause WHAT signs in humans?
who is it a danger for?
–> ACCIDENTAL INGESTION of EGGS CONTAINING L3 is MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN (put things in their mouths)
VLM = VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS, invades…
1. CNS
2. LIVER
3. LUNG
4. SKELETAL MUSCLE
5. sometimes HEART
OLM = OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS, can cause…
1. BLINDNESS
2. GRANULOMATOUS RETINITIS
BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS has strong TROPISM for CNS
TREATMENT/PREVENTION of roundworms…
4 possible drugs? can you use them in COMBINATION?
prevention in environment? (3)
prevention in PREGNANT animals?
drugs?
1. FENBENDAZOLE
2. MILBEMYCIN OXIME
3. MOXIDECTIN
4. PYRANTEL PAMOATE
–> COMBINATIONS (if FDA-approved) are OK!
prevention? = PREVENT environmental contamination with EGGS
1. puppies should be ROUTINELY TREATED WITH PYRANTEL PAMOATE at 2, 4, 6, & 8 WEEKS
2. MONTHLY preventatives should be given for life
3. ROUTINE fecal screening with wellness
prevention in PREGNANT animals = prevent VERTICAL TRANSMISSION (dogs)
1. DAILY FENBENDAZOLE or
2. 2-4X with HIGH DOSE OF IVERMECTIN
CONTROL of roundworms…
environmental control is ____ & list 2 reasons why
what PRODUCT can we use to disinfect roundworms?
2 ways we can KILL eggs?
how long does it TAKE for EGGS TO BECOME INFECTIVE & how long do EGGS REMAIN INFECTIVE IN ENVIRONMENT?
SANITARY measure we can take?
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IS DIFFICULT!
1. eggs survive MOST disinfectants
2. STICKY EGG SHELL is DIFFICULT TO REMOVE from surfaces
can use BLEACH to remove STICKY LAYER OF EGGS
KILL eggs?
1. HEAT (steam cleaning)
2. LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
eggs can BECOME infective after 2-4 WEEKS BUT EGGS REMAIN INFECTIVE IN ENVIRONMENT for YEARS!!!
SANITARY measure?
–> PICK UP POOP ASAP
ANCYLOSTOMA sp…
what type of parasite is this?
3 organisms?
prevalence in US and most common species?
where do adult worms live?
3 morphological findings?
HOOKWORMS
3 organisms?
1. ANCYLOSTOMA CANINUM
2. ANCYLOSTOMA BRAZILIENSE
3. UNCINARIA STENOCEPHALA
VERY prevalent in US and DOGS»_space; CATS
ADULT worms live in SMALL INTESTINE
3 morphologies?
1. HOOKED HEAD
2. BUCCAL CAPSULA with 1-3 PAIRS OF TEETH
3. FEED ON BLOOD & attach to INTESTINAL VILLI via mouth
ID PARASITE
ANCYLOSTOMA SPP or “HOOKWORM”
ID PARASITE
ANCYLOSTOMA SPP or “HOOKWORM”
ANCYLOSTOMA CANINUM/TUBAEFORMAE…
what type of organism is this?
commonality?
what species/age is this most severe in?
contagion?
2 species infected?
HOOKWORMS
VERY COMMON
most SEVERE in YOUNG PUPS
VERY ZOONOTIC
2 species = DOGS & CATS
UNCINARIA STENOCEPHALA…
what type of organism is this?
prefers what KIND of climates? 2 geographical regions?
2 species infected?
HOOKWORM
prefers COLDER climates
1. NORTH AMERICA
2. EUROPE
2 species?
1. DOGS
2. CATS
ANCYLOSTOMA BRAZILIENSE…
what type of organism is this?
pathogenicity compared to A. CANINUM?
infection in CATS? what other species does it infect?
geographic region?
HOOKWORM
LESS pathogenic than A. caninum
RARELY infects cats, MORE COMMONLY INFECTS DOGS
GULF COAST REGION OF US
TRANSMISSION of ANCYLOSTOMA….
what is the infective stage?
3 modes of transmission?
what kind of infection DOESN’T occur?
PPP?
infective stage = THIRD STAGE LARVAE
3 modes?
1. ORAL = ingestion of L3
2. PERCUTANEOUS = L3 penetrates skin
3. TRANSMAMMARY = L3 via MILK and is ARRESTED IN MUSCLES
NO TRANSPLACENTAL INFECTION
PPP = 2 weeks
LARVAL LEAK SYNDROME…
occurs in WHAT parasite? (2 names)
= what is it?
what happens if you try and deworm these dogs?
occurs in ANCYLOSTOMA/HOOKWORMS
= NOT ALL LARVAE MATURE, some invade OTHER TISSUES and ENTER IN AN ARRESTED STATE OF DEVELOPMENT
even if you deworm these dogs, STILL SHED EGGS because INTESTINE IS REPOPULATED BY ARRESTED LARVAE
ID PARASITE
HOOKWORMS
CLINICAL dz from hookworms…
PERACUTE (2)
ACUTE (1)
CHRONIC (1)
in ALL cases, we see WHAT 3 clinical signs?
PERACUTE…
1. SEVERE anemia
2. 1-2 week old puppies with HIGH worm numbers
ACUTE…
1. SLOWER ONSET of ANEMIA but it STILL OCCURS
CHRONIC…
1. dogs become IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
in ALL cases…
1. ANEMIA
2. WEIGHT LOSS
3. MELENA
ANCYLOSTOMA CANINUM…
what type of parasite is this?
what CLINICAL SIGN does it majorly cause?
how does infective stage enter host? what 3 clinical signs would we see?
type of parasite = HOOKWORM
majorly causes SEVERE ANEMIA
PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION by L3…
1. DERMATITIS w/ ERYTHEMA
2. PRURITUS
3. PAPULES
ALL HOOKWORMS are WELL-DOCUMENTED ____ ____ agents and are the MOST COMMON CAUSE of ____ ____ ____ in people
ZOONOTIC DZ, CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS
GOAL of treating HOOKWORMS?
what DRUG can we use?
what PREVENTATIVES should we put the pet on?
GOAL = PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION with EGGS
drug = MOST BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIHELMINTIC DRUGS are effective
KEEP THEM ON HEARTWORM PREVENTATIVES
how to DISINFECT environment for HOOKWORMS…
what stage is LESS resistant?
what 2 ways can we disinfect?
we should treat puppies ____
how often should we pick up poop?
LARVAE are LESS RESISTANT THAN EGGS to disinfection
2 ways?
1. DIRECT SUNLIGHT can lead to dessication
2. 1% CHLOROX FOR HARD, NON-POROUS SURFACES
treat PUPPIES PROPHYLACTICALLY
PICK UP POOP AT LEAST 2X/WEEK
MULTI-antihelmintic drug resistant HOOKWORMS…
what SPECIFIC organism has shown this resistance?
what 3 places was it found?
where did this ORIGINATE?
if we suspect treatment has FAILED, what should we do as vets?
A. CANINUM!!!
3 places…
1. SOUTHEAST
2. NORTHEAST
3. CA
originated in GREYHOUND RACING POP’N
if FAILED TREATMENT, vets need to report to PRODUCT MANUFACTURER or FDA
DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM
classification/”common name?”
commonality?
adult worms are found…
who are the DEFINITIVE hosts? (2)
who are the INTERMEDIATE hosts? (2)
transmission?
generally considered….
3 clinical signs?
GI CESTODE/”THE FLEA TAPEWORM”
the MOST COMMON TAPEWORMS OF DOGS/CATS
adult worms are found in the SI
DEFINITIVE HOSTS = DOGS/CATS
INTERMEDIATE HOSTS = FLEAS/LOUSE
transmission via INGESTION OF FLEA INFECTED WITH LARVAL TAPEWORM (CYSTICERCOID), NOT FLEA BITE!
GENERALLY considered NON-PATHOGENIC
3 clinical signs?
1. ANAL PRURITUS
2. CHRONIC ENTERITIS
3. VOMITING
LIFE CYCLE of DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM…
what TYPE of life cycle?
4 life cycle steps? (start with egg shedding, end with dog/cat ingesting)
INDIRECT life cycle
steps?
1. eggs are shed via DEFINITIVE HOSTS shedding EGG-LADEN PROGLOTTIDS in FECES
- the eggs are then INGESTED BY FLEA LARVAE (or lice)
- once ingested, develop into INFECTIVE CYSTICERCOID
- DOGS/CATS become infected when they INGEST FLEA/LOUSE (IH) during NORMAL GROOMING
TREATMENT/PREVENTION of DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM…
2 drugs?
infection is LIKELY TO RECUR if…
drugs?
1. ANTIHELMINTICS (praziquantel)
2. FLEA CONTROL
if FLEAS ARE NOT ERADICATED, then INFECTION LIKELY TO RECUR
FLAGELLATES…
what type of parasite is this?
2 organisms?
& locations?
which one is considered a COMMENSAL organism?
GI PROTOZOA
2 organisms?
1. GIARDIA DUODENALIS –> COMMENSAL organism
2. TRITRCHOMONAS BLAGBURNI
locations?
1. GIARDIA = in SI of DOGS, CATS, FARM ANIMALS, HUMANS
2. TRITRICHOMONAS = in COLON & CECUM of CATS
ID PARASITE
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
GIARDIA…
life cycle type?
life cycle duration?
SI?
how does transmission occur?
4 sources?
DIRECT cycle?
~7 days
localizes to SI
transmission upon INGESTION of CYSTS shed by ANIMALS/HUMANS
4 sources?
1. FECAL-CONTAMINATED WATER
2. FOOD
3. FOMITES
4. SELF-GROOMING
CLINICAL SIGNS of GIARDIA…
MOST animals… (3)
b/m? (2)
disease is often ____ because…
MOST animals…
1. ARE YOUNG
2. DO NOT PRESENT WITH CLINICAL SIGNS
3. or have SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION of D+, but it can take YEARS
b/m?
1. DIARRHEA –> SOFT, MUCOID FECES
2. can be INTERMITTENT D+
disease is often CHRONIC because of FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE/DIAGNOSE
GIARDIA diagnostic tests? (3)
TRITRICHOMONAS diagnostic tests? (3)
GIARDIA
1. FECAL FLOAT
2. ANTIGEN TEST
3. PCR
TRITRICHOMONAS
1. DIRECT SMEAR
2. InPouch Culture test
3. PCR
can giardia be transmitted from dogs to humans?
humans MOSTLY get it from OTHER HUMANS, but rarely could get it from dogs
TREATMENT of giardia duodenal…
if ASYMPTOMATIC…
MOST POPULAR OPTION/DURATION for drug?
prevention? (3)
if ASYMPTOMATIC = MAY NOT REQUIRE TREATMENT
drug?
= FENBENDAZOLE SID for 3-5 DAYS, extra-label use
prevention?
1. CLEAN PREMISES
2. REMOVE FECES
3. BATHING
TREATMENT of TRITRICHOMONAS BLAGBURNI…
actually, there is…
which treatment/duration is USUALLY done?
prevention? (3)
THERE IS NO APPROVED TREATMENT
usually RONIDAZOLE SID for 2 weeks
prevention?
1. FREQUENT BATHING/LITTER BOX CHANGES
2. DIETARY management can cause improvement
3. FOLLOW-UP TESTS
