Cognition & Senses 2: SA Intracranial Dz Flashcards
6 POSSIBLE ETIOLOGIES for MYELITIS/ENCEPHALITIS?
- VIRAL
- BACTERIAL
- FUNGAL
- PROTOZOAL
- RICKETTSIAL
- IMMUNE-MEDIATED
DDXs for ENCEPHALITIS in DOGS…
VIRAL? (2)
BACTERIAL? (2)
RICKETTSIAL? (2)
FUNGAL? (1)
PROTOZOAL? (2)
PARASITIC? (1)
IMMUNE-MEDIATED? (1)
VIRAL? (2)
1. CANINE DISTEMPER
2. RABIES
BACTERIAL? (2)
1. ASCENDING EAR INFECTION
2. HEMATOGENOUS
RICKETTSIAL? (2)
1. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
2. EHRLICHIA
FUNGAL? (1)
1. CRYPTOCOCCUS
PROTOZOAL? (2)
1. TOXOPLASMA
2. NEOSPORA
PARASITIC? (1)
1. CUTEBRA
IMMUNE-MEDIATED? (1)
1. MENINGOENCEPHALITIS of UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY (MUE)
DDXs for ENCEPHALITIS in CATS…
VIRAL? (2)
BACTERIAL? (1)
FUNGAL? (1)
PROTOZOAL? (1)
PARASITIC? (1)
VIRAL?
1. FIP
2. RABIES
BACTERIAL?
1. HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
FUNGAL?
1. CRYPTOCOCCUS
PROTOZOAL?
1. TOXOPLASMA
PARASITIC?
1. CUTEREBRA
ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS can occur in animals of ANY AGE, but is most common in WHAT AGE?
what else about these animals makes them susceptible?
common in YOUNG-MIDDLE AGED animals
also often IMMUNE-SUPPRESSED
CLINICAL SIGNS for ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS depends on….
signs of ____ or ____ CNS INVOLVEMENT are COMMON
asymmetrical vs. symmetrical?
PROGRESSION tends to be.. (2)
CLINICAL SIGNS for ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS depends on WHAT PART OF THE CNS IS AFFECTED
signs of MULTIFOCAL or DIFFUSE CNS INVOLVEMENT are COMMON
ASYMMETRICAL > SYMMETRICAL
PROGRESSION tends to be…
1. ACUTE
2. INSIDIOUS onset
what 6 SA DISEASES do we tend to see with VESTIBULAR SIGNS in ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS?
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
- CRYPTOCOCCUS
- CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS
- ASCENDING BACTERIAL INFECTION from EAR
- GRANULOMATOUS MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
- FIP
what DOG DZ is commonly seen with MYOCLONUS (quick jerking)?
CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS
BLINDNESS, DEAFNESS & DIARRHEA are commonly seen in WHAT DZ that causes ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS?
PROTOTHECA
2 additional SYSTEMIC clinical signs associated with EHRLICHIA & ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER?
- RETINAL HEMORRHAGE
- PETECHIATION
if we see PAPILLEDEMA with ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS, then we should suspect WHAT DZ in SA?
GRANULOMATOUS MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
what DOG DZ should we suspect with HISTORY OF GI & RESPIRATORY DZ & ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS?
CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS
3 PREDISPOSED breeds for ENCEPHALITIS/MYELITIS?
- PUGS
- YORKIES
- MALTESE
CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS…
3 descriptors?
distribution? (2)
incidence is HIGHEST in… & why?
transmission? (3)
how LONG does the virus shed?
how long does VIRUS SURVIVE IN ENVIRONMENT?
3 descriptors?
1. ENVELOPED
2. HELICAL
3. ssRNA
distribution?
1. ENZOOTIC
2. WORLDWIDE
incidence is HIGHEST in UNVACCINATED PUPPIES 3-6 MONTHS
–> why? = corresponds to LOSS OF MATERNAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY
transmission?
1. VIRUS shed in ALL BODY SECRETIONS & EXCRETIONS
2. AEROSOL is PRIMARY
3. TRANSPLACENTAL is RARE
virus sheds for 60-90 DAYS
LABILE in environment for 3 HOURS AT ROOM TEMP
DISTEMPER will SPREAD TO TONSILS/____ LNs within ___ ___ of INFECTION
at 4-6 DAYS POST-INFECTION, what happens? (5)
at 8-9 DAYS, what happens? (2)
BRONCHIAL, 24 HOURS
at 4-6 days, virus SPREADS to…
1. SPLEEN
2. STOMACH
3. INTESTINES
4. LIVER
5. MESENTERIC LNs
at 8-9 days, virus spreads to..
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
2. CNS
dogs with NORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE can CLEAR CANINE DISTEMPER in WHAT TIME?
normal dogs = 9-14 DAYS
7 main CLINICAL SIGNS for CANINE DISTEMPER?
- UPPER RESPIRATORY SIGNS like COUGHING (can go from DRY to PRODUCTIVE)
- BILATERAL SEROUS or MUCOPURULENT OCULAR DISCHARGE
- VOMITING
- D+
- METAPHYSEAL OSTEOSCLEROSIS
- PUSTULAR/VESICULAR DERMATITIS
- NASAL/DIGITAL HYPERKERATOSIS
what is the MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT of PROGNOSIS & RECOVERY for CANINE DISTEMPER?
presence of NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS
6 common NEUROLOGICAL CLINICAL SIGNS of CANINE DISTEMPER
- SEIZURES
- CEREBELLAR DZ
- VESTIBULAR DZ
- PARESIS
- SPINAL ATAXIA
- MYOCLONUS
canine distemper OFTEN PRESENTS AS ___ ____ in ___-____ ____-old ____
ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS in 3-6 MONTH-old PUPPIES
what is the MOST WIDELY USED DIAGNOSTIC METHOD for CANINE DISTEMPER?
what is the HIGHEST SENSITIVITY DIAGNOSTIC? & include 3 SAMPLE types
MOST WIDELY USED DIAGNOSTIC METHOD for CANINE DISTEMPER? = CLINICAL PRESENTATION
HIGHEST SENSITIVITY DIAGNOSTIC? = RT-PCR with URINE, BLOOD or CSF
TREATMENT for DISTEMPER? (4)
how is it BEST PREVENTED?
TREATMENT?
1. BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
2. PROCAINAMIDE for MYOCLONUS
3. COUPAGE
4. SUPPORTIVE CARE
PREVENTION via VACCINES
FIP is the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF _____ in WHAT AGE cats?
FIP is the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF MENINGOENCEPHALITIS in CATS LESS THAN 3 YEARS
BACTERIAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS..
3 common etiological agents?
5 uncommon etiological agents?
diagnosis via… (3)
treatment? (2)
prognosis?
3 common etiological agents?
1. E. COLI
2. STREPTOCOCCUS
3. KLEBSIELLA
5 uncommon etiological agents?
1. BRUCELLA
2. ACTINOMYCES
3. NOCARDIA
4. BARTONELLA
5. LEPTO
diagnosis via…
1. BLOOD culture
2. URINE culture
3. MYRINGOTOMY
treatment?
1. TIME/FLUIDS
2. ANTIBIOTICS
PROGNOSIS = FAIR
FUNGAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS..
common etiologic agent?
diagnosis? (2)
treatment? (2, which is better?)
prognosis? (2)
common etiologic agent? = CRYPTOCOCCUS
diagnosis?
1. CRYPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN (serum & CSF)
2. CULTURE of CSF
treatment? (2)
1. FLUCONAZOLE = GOOD CNS PENETRATION
2. ITRACONAZOLE = BAD CNS PENETRATION
prognosis?
1. FAIR for EARLY control
2. POOR for LONG-TERM SURVIVAL
TICKBORNE MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
2 diseases?
diagnosis for each?
treatment for both? (3)
prognosis for both?
2 diseases?
1. RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII (ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER)
2. EHRLICHIA/ANAPLASMA
diagnosis?
1. R. RICKETTSII = SERUM ANTIBODY TITER
2. EHRLICHIA/ANAPLASMA = SNAP 4DX
treatment?
1. DOXYCYCLINE
2. CHLORAMPHENICOL
3. ENROFLOXACIN
PROGNOSIS = GOOD
TOXOPLASMA
this is a ____ CNS DZ
3 clinical signs?
MOST animals have ____
common in ____ PATIENTS
diagnosis? (2, which one confirms RECENT infection?)
PROTOZOAL CNS DZ
3 clinical signs?
1. UVEITIS
2. RESPIRATORY DZ
3. HEPATITIS
MOST animals have ANTIBODIES for too
common in TRANSPLANTATION PATIENTS
diagnosis?
1. SERUM IgG TITERS
2. IgM CONFIRMS RECENT INFECTION
NEOSPORA…
this is a ___ CNS DZ
clinical signs? (2)
diagnosis?
treatment? (2)
prognosis?
this is a PROTOZOAL CNS DZ
clinical signs?
1. NEURITIS/MYOSITIS
2. CEREBELLAR SIGNS
diagnosis? = IgG TITERS
treatment?
1. CLINDAMYCIN
2. TMS
prognosis? = FAIR
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS of UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY (MUE)
tends to occur in WHAT SEX?
2 predisposed breeds?
what is the GOLD STANDARD IMAGING technique?
tends to occur in FEMALES
2 predisposed breeds?
1. TOYS
2. TERRIERS
GOLD STANDARD IMAGING technique = MRI T2
NECROTISING ENCEPHALITIDIES (NME/NLE) is common in WHAT 2 breeds?
- PUGS
- YORKIES
PROGNOSIS for MENINGOENCEPHALITIS of UNKNOWN ORIGIN (MUE)?
1/3 of patients….
PROGNOSIS for MUE is GUARDED
1/3 of patients = REMISSION
1/3 of patients = RESIDUAL NEURO DEFICITS & LIFELONG MEDS
1/3 patients = DON’T RESPOND TO Tx
