Digestion & Metabolism 2: Pathology of SA Oral Cavity Flashcards
= define CONDITION OVERALL, & specific
etiology?
what breeds are likely to have this?
2 clinical signs it can cause?
= BRACHYGNATHISM = SHORT JAW, either the mandible (bottom jaw) or maxilla (top jaw)
specifically –> BRACHYGNATHISM SUPERIOR (longer mandible)
INHERITED
BREED STANDARD for some brachycephalic breeds
clinical signs?
1. other upper respiratory tract deformities
2. dyspnea
PALATOSCHISIS…
= definition (what 2 things is it called?)
3 clinical signs?
= CLEFT PALATE or ORONASAL FISTULA
clinical signs?
1. NASAL DISCHARGE WITH FOOD because ASPIRATION has occurred from oral cavity to nasal sinus
2. Aspiration rhinitis
3. Aspiration pneumonia with cranioventral distribution, R > L
define condition
PALATOSCHISIS (cleft palate or oronasal fistula)
what disease causes this? what is the clinical sign called? hint: RIGHT lung pictured
PALATOSCHISIS
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA, R > L LUNG LOBE
label!!
why can’t we see the middle portion?
how is the rightmost material organized?
middle portion is ENAMEL, which is made MOSTLY OF HYDROXYAPATITE & BROKEN DOWN BY ACIDIFICATION PROCESS for histopath prep
DENTIN is organized in LINEAR ARRAY OF TUBULES
bone matrix is primarily composed of ____ matrix, and is made of _____ & _____
ORGANIC, OSTEOID, HYDROXYAPATITE
____ makes up the bulk of the tooth matrix
DENTIN
label this tooth from a young dog
label!!
5 components of tooth near TOOTH CROWN? (in descending order)
- Ameloblasts
- Enamel
- Dentin
- Odontoblasts
- Pulp
4 components of tooth near TOOTH ROOT? (in descending order)
- Dentin matrix
- Cementum
- Cementoblasts
- Alveolar bone
biggest differences that HYPSODONT teeth have that BRACHYDONT don’t? (2)
- HYPSODONT teeth CONTINUALLY GROW THROUGHOUT MOST OF ANIMAL’S LIFE
- HYPSODONT HAS MANY SURFACE INFOLDINGS
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT…
made by WHAT?
= connects…
imade by FIBROBLASTS (collagen-based)
= connects ALVEOLAR BONE to CEMENTUM/TOOTH
in ODONTOGENESIS, only the ____ have a purely _____ origin, while ____, ____, ____, & ____ have a _____ origin, which arises from the ____ _____
AMELOBLASTS, ECTODERMAL, CEMENTUM, PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT, DENTIN, & ALEVOLAR BONE, ECTOMESENCHYMAL, NEURAL CREST
tooth initially arises from the _____, which is…
ECTOMESENCHYME
= MESENCHYMAL cells arising from ECTODERM
ODONTOGENESIS…
what makes DENTIN?
what makes CEMENTUM?
what makes ENAMEL?
what makes the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT?
what makes ALVEOLAR BONE?
DENTIN = ODONTOBLASTS
CEMENTUM = CEMENTOBLASTS
ENAMEL = AMELOBLASTS
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT = FIBROBLASTS
ALVEOLAR BONE = OSTEOBLASTS
what does the DENTAL PAPILLA become later in development?
TOOTH PULP
label this DEVELOPING TOOTH
ALV = alveolar bone
PDL = periodontal ligament
AB = ameloblasts
E = enamel
D = dentin
OdB = odontoblasts
= 2 names for these?
3 things they do?
2 names?
= ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL RESTS/AMELOBLAST PRECURSORS
3 things?
1. remnants of AMELOBLASTIC EPITHELIUM that PERSISTS THROUGH LIFE
2. helps MAINTAIN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT INTEGRITY
3. helps PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT MAINTAIN CONNECTION between ALVEOLAR BONE & TOOTH/CEMENTUM
____ are the TRUE neoplasms of the ORAL CAVITY
AMELOBLASTS
definitions…
ODONTODYSPLASIA = ??
POLYODONTIA = ??
PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA = ??
ODONTODYSPLASIA = dental malformations
POLYODONTIA = supernumerary (too many) teeth
PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA = retained DECIDUOUS teeth (more common)
ID lesion (& what it is)
treatment?
PSEUDO-POLYODONTIA (retained deciduous teeth)
Treatment? = YANK OUT DECIDUOUS TOOTH MANUALLY
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA causes THIN, WEAK ____, likely due to ____ which is also affected in this disease
DENTIN, FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR
what can CANINE DISTEMPER cause orally?
can cause virally-induced killing of AMELOBLASTS and therefore DESTRUCTION OF ENAMEL
ID disease & what’s happening
CANINE DISTEMPER
causes VIRALLY-INDUCED DESTRUCTION OF AMELOBLASTS –> ENAMEL DESTROYED
ID lesion
MALOCCLUSION
MALOCCLUSION…
can result from…
IMPORTANT in animals that have….
2 clinical signs?
can result from CONGENITAL DYSPLASIA
IMPORTANT in animals that have…
–> CONTINUAL TOOTH GROWTH (hypsodont)
2 clinical signs?
1. difficult prehension & mastication
2. can cause soft tissue injuries of tongue & lips
DENTAL PLAQUE vs. DENTAL SCALE?
what are these two things OVERALL?
describe each one (3 for each)
this is the PROGRESSION in PERIODONTAL DZ
(1) DENTAL PLAQUE = BACTERIAL BIOFILM
1. Has GRAM + AEROBES & GRAM – ANAEROBES
2. Is LOOSELY adhered to ENAMEL surface
3. Is RESISTANT TO SALIVA removal but PHYSICALLY REMOVABLE
(2) DENTAL CALCULUS = TARTAR
1. MINERALIZED AMALGAM of SALIVARY SECRETIONS, BACTERIA, DEBRIS, CaCO3
2. FIRMLY adhered to tooth surface
3. Requires “SCALING” to remove
ID lesion
DENTAL CARIES/CAVITIES
DENTAL CARIES…
“alternative name?”
= DEFINITION
AKA DENTAL “CAVITIES”
= ENZYMATIC DEMINERALIZATION & DEGRADATION via acidic products & microbial fermentation that causes EROSIONS in the MINERALIZED TOOTH MATRIX (dentin & enamel)
progression of GINGIVITIS to PERIODONTITIS? (5)
(1) PLAQUE is IMPACTED INTO GINGIVAL SULCUS
(2) Plaque in gingival sulcus causes INFLAMMATION of periodontal tissues
(3) PERSISTENT gingivitis causes EROSIONS and then DEEP ULCERS
(4) GINGIVAL RECESSION occurs & TOOTH ROOT EXPOSED
(5) ENZYMATIC/CELLULAR TOOTH RESORPTION from ODONTOCLAST ACTIVATION
GINGIVAL RECESSION causes loss of INTEGRITY of what 3 structures?
- PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
- ALVEOLAR BONE
- TOOTH
ID lesion & what’s going on in the top vs bottom pic
TOP = NORMAL TOOTH, ordinarily the ALVEOLAR BONE should COME RIGHT UP TO TOOTH ROOT
BOTTOM = PERIODONTITIS where FURCATION has occurred (RESORPTION BETWEEN TOOTH ROOTS)
DESCRIBE LESION and STAGE OF DISEASE
what 3 things are occurring?
EARLY STAGE RESORPTION!
what 3 things are occurring?
1. ODONTOCLASTS have been ACTIVATED
2. REACTIVE HYPERCEMENTOSIS
3. REPAIR DENTIN (more haphazard tubule arrangement than regular dentin)
RESORPTIVE LESIONS…
previously called..?
signalment? (2)
etiology? (2, second is associated w a SYNDROME)
PREVIOUSLY called…
= Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions
signalment?
1. ~9 years old (middle to older age) CATS
2. Seen in SOME dogs
etiology?
1. COMMON
2. IDIOPATHIC, but associated with chronic gingivitis and stomatitis syndrome
in a 9-year-old cat, ID LESION!
RESORPTIVE LESION
(Feline Odontoclastic)
CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
= definition
MIGHT be associated with….
clinical sign/description?
diagnosis?
= idiopathic proliferation of gingival epithelium & subgingival stroma
MIGHT be associated with CHRONIC GINGIVITIS/PERIDONTITIS
clinical sign/description?
= BUMPY LESIONS around MARGINS OF GINGIVA (between gums and tooth)
diagnosis?
–> BIOPSY possible, indicated based on clinical signs to help rule out more dangerous DDxs like neoplasia
ID dz!
CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
definitions for INFLAMMATION…
STOMATITIS =
ALVEOLITIS/OSTEOMYELITIS =
CHELLITIS =
GLOSSITIS =
SIALOADENITIS =
STOMATITIS = GENERAL INFLAMMATION of the ENTIRE ORAL CAVITY
ALVEOLITIS/OSTEOMYELITIS = BONE SURROUNDING TEETH
CHELLITIS = LIPS
GLOSSITIS = TONGUE
SIALOADENITIS = SALIVARY GLANDS
FELINE VESICULAR STOMATITIS SYNDROME…
causes? (2, one isn’t as well-proven)
gross lesion description? (3)
what 2 diseases can it be associated with?
causes?
1. FELINE CALICIVIRUS, sometimes with FELINE HERPESVIRUS-1
2. Can also possibly be FeLV/FIV, but NOT PROVEN
gross lesion description?
1. DEPENDING ON WHAT STAGE YOU SEE THEM IN, can be THIN-WALLED VESICLES or EROSIONS/ULCERS if they’ve popped
2. ULCERS = HAVE GONE THROUGH BASEMENT MEMBRANE
3. EPITHELIAL NECROSIS occurs
Can be associated with…
1. FELINE CHRONIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS SYNDROME
2. RESORPTIVE LESIONS
ID DISEASE
FELINE VESICULAR STOMATITIS SYNDROME
PROLIFERATIVE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
species signalment? (2)
etiology? (2, one is a specific HYPOTHESIS)
lesions? (4)
species signalment?
1. PREDOMINANT IN CATS
2. Possibly seen in dogs too
etiology?
1. MULTIFACTORIAL
2. Can be from LOCAL IMMUNE DYSREGULATION, may have ELEVATED SALIVARY IgA
lesions?
1. on GINGIVA & BUCCAL MUCOSA
2. RAISED, FOCAL to MULTIFOCAL DARK BRIGHT-RED EDEMATOUS PLAQUES
3. EROSIONS»_space;> ULCERS
4. FILLED WITH SEVERE PLASMACYTIC INFLAMMATION
ID DISEASE
PROLIFERATIVE GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
from ORAL CAVITY, ID DZ, ARROWS & CIRCLES
PLASMACYTIC STOMATITIS
ARROWS = PLASMA CELLS
CIRCLES = MOTT CELLS (“constipated” plasma cells)
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA COMPLEX…
2 alternative names?
= what disease process is this?
species signalment? (2)
lesions? (1)
histology description? (1)
EOSINOPHILIC ULCER, RODENT ULCER
= IDIOPATHIC HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
species signalment?
1. COMMON in CATS
2. COMMON in ARCTIC BREEDS (husky, akita)
lesions?
–> WELL-DEMARCATED RAISED PLAQUES on the LIP/FACE
histology?
–> EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMAS centered on COLLAGEN FLAME FIGURES
EPULIS/EPULIDES
= what are they?
etiology? (1)
species signalment? (1)
lesions? (2)
most COMMON type of this in CANINES? & describe the 2 names
2 DDxs? how to distinguish between them?
3 histologic features? (include gross manifestations & 1 is DIAGNOSTIC)
= ABERRANT NON-NEOPLASTIC TUMORS
etiology?
–> periodontal ligament origin/reactive proliferation?
species signalment?
DOGS»_space;> CATS
lesions?
1. MICROSCOPIC appearance
2. BEHAVE BENIGN
most COMMON CANINE TYPE = FIBROMATOUS EPULIS (FEPLO/POF)
–> FEPLO = Fibromatous Epulis of Periodontal Ligament Origin
–> POF = Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma
DDxs?
1. FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
2. ACANTHOMATOUS AMELOBLASTOMA (AA)
–> Requires BIOPSY to distinguish between them!
Histologic features?
1. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT FIBROBLASTS help make bulk of COLLAGEN = gives mass a FIRM texture
2. OSTEOCEMENTUM = gives mass a HARD texture
3. SCATTERED ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL RESTS are a DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE!!!
MALIGNANT MELANOMA…
causes….
presentation? (2)
causes LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE & RAPID MULTIORGAN METASTASIS
presentation?
1. Have VARYING amounts of pigment
2. Black –> sparse pigment –> amelanotic (void of gross pigments)
2 types of AGGRESSIVE LESIONS found in the ORAL CAVITY?
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- ADENOCARCINOMA (especially of salivary glands)
ID DZ
MELANOMA (malignant)
ID DZ & SOMETHING SPECIAL
MELANOMA (malignant) with an AMELANOTIC SECTION
ACANTHOMATOUS AMELOBLASTOMA…
= what is it?
2 DDxs & how to differentiate?
treatment? (1)
= COMMON CANINE BENIGN NEOPLASM of the ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM, AKA AMELOBLAST PRECURSORS
DDxs?
1. CANINE FIBROGINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
2. FEPLO/POF (EPULIS)
–> NEED BIOPSY to definitively diagnose!
Treatment?
–> REQUIRES COMPLETE RESECTION, can be locally invasive & have frequent recurrence if good margins not achieved
ID DZ
FEPLO/POF
(epulis)
PAPILLOMA…
= what is it?
location? (1)
clinical sign? (1)
age?
etiology? (3)
treatment? (2)
= BENIGN proliferative lesions of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
location?
–> ANYWHERE in MOUTH/LIPS or ORAL CAVITY
clinical signs?
–> Interferes with PREHENSION/MASTICATION
age?
–> YOUNG ANIMALS PREDISPOSED
etiology?
1. VIRAL
2. CONGENITAL
3. IDIOPATHIC
treatment?
1. Usually undergoes SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION (especially when virally-induced)
2. Can also perform SURGICAL EXCISION as CURATIVE
ID LESION
PAPILLOMA
