CONFLICT + TENSION Flashcards
Describe the membership of the league and how it changed over the years
- 42 members upon founding
- Rose to 58 by 1934
- Four permanent members - Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Who’s idea was the league of nations
Woodrow Wilson
Main aims of the league
- Stop war from breaking out again
- Encourage disarmament
- Improve working conditions
- Tackle deadly diseases
Why wasn’t America part of the league
- The senate refused to agree even though WIlson tried to convince the people it was a good idea
- Too many young Americans had died in Europe during the war
- Pursued the policy of isolation to keep themselves distant from Europe
- WIlson was devestated
Who was originally denied entry to the league, and how did this change
- Britain and France were suspicious of Communist Russia and so they were forbidden from joining
- Countries who had lost the war weren’t allowed (like Germany)
- The Locarno Treaty of 1926 was signed and Germany was allowed into the league
- Hitler took Germany out of the league in Nov 1933 and Japan and Italy also left
What responsibility did the league have over Germany’s colonies
They would run as mandates (The league would run as colonies until they were ready to be independent)
How did the league plan to keep peace
- Collective security - If all countries worked together there would be the threat of the masses
- Mitigation - Countries would talk through their problems
- Moral condemnation - Countries would reprimand the aggressor
- Economic sanctions - Members wouldn’t trade with the aggressor
- THe league didn’t have it’s own army, so if absolutely needed they would ask embers to lend their armed forces
What was the assembly of the league
- Every countries representatives were sent which met once a year to discuss and vote on matters
- Every country had an equal vote and the results had to be unanimous for the motion to be passed
- In charge of decided when a new country could join, election of judges to Court of international justice, and deciding how the money was spent
How was the council of the league set up
- There were 4 permanent members : Britain, France, Italy and Japan
- Four other countries would be chosen to sit on the council each for a three-year term
- It was later increased to 9 non-permanent members
- If the assembly made a unanimous vote then the council had the power of VETO on it
What was the Permanent COurt of International Justice
- A court of law that would settle international arguments
- Any country could bring an issue and 11 judges and 4 deputy-judges would give a verdict
- The court would give advice on what they thought, but couldn’t make decisions
- Elected by the assembly and the council, and judges would fill that role for 11 years
Responsibilities of the Secretariat in the league
The civil service that would be in charge of dealing with any decisions the league made, except military ones
Were the punishments the league threatened severe enoguh
There were so many members, so economic sanctions and moral condemnation were daunting punishments for many countries
Membership problem of the league
Many important countries didn’t join the league like the USA
THhs undermined the league as a ‘global’ organisation and meant that if a country faced economic sanctions, it could still trade with some of the most powerful countries
Other structural weaknesses of the league
- No standing army which meant they could not force people to obey it
- The structure was very complicated which confused people and slowed down action
- Decisions had to be unanimous which slowed down decision making
International Labour organisation aims, successes and failures
- Bring workers, employers and government together to improve conditions that people worked in
- Set up minimum wage in 77 countries
- Tried to stop children under the age of 14 working, however was not adopted by most countries
Commission for Refugees aims, successes and faliures
- Return prisoners of war home and support refugees by improving camps or finding new homes
- Helped free 427,000 out of 500,000 refugees from WW1 and helped 1.5mil Russians find new homes after their civil war
- In 1933, tried to appoint a high commissioner for refugees (who were mainly Jews fleeing Germany), but Germany VETO it
Economic and financial committee successes and failures
- Sent financial experts to Austria and Hungary to prevent them going bankrupt
- Unable to cope after the depression hit
Health committee successes
- Started an international campaign to kill mosquitoes that spread deadly diseases
- Sent officials to Russia to educate on how typhus was spread
Explain the Corfu incident of 1923, and how the league dealt with it
- Greece and Albania were having border disputes so Italian general Tellini was given the job
- He was murdered and the Italians blamed the Greeks
- Mussolini invaded and occupied Corfu
- Greece appealed to the league
- They deemed that Greece should pay compensation but also morally condemned Italy
- Greece paid compensation directly to Italy and apologized in the end
- A large country had threatened a smaller country, the league proved that they could be ignored
Explain the Bulgaria incident of 1925 and how the league reacted
- Greek soldiers were killed on the Bulgarian border so Greece invaded
- Bulgaria appealed to the league and the league condemned the Greeks and ordered them to withdraw
- Greece thought the league was hypocritical as Italy managed to get away with it in Corfu 1923
- Greece was too small of a country and didn’t want to risk poor relations with the league so obeyed
How did the league react to the Wall Street Crash
- America traded with lots of countries globally and now couldn’t, so lots of economies collapsed
- People lost faith in their governments and turned to extremist groups like the Nazis
- The league was powerless to do anything to help people or to control these new party leaders who were willing to resort to violence
What international agreements happened without the league and why
- Locarno Treaties 1925 - France and Germany signed border treaties and agreed to settle disputes peacefully, it represented the end of German resentment to Versailles and a voluntarily signing rather than the Diktat in 1919. Germany. asn’t a member so the league was uninvolved
- Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 - 65 countries met in Paris to agree not to use war to solve disputes, and the USA was involved.USA wasn’t a member and so didn’t go through the league
How did the Great Depression affect the League of Nations
- Extremist groups came into power as people became desperate and liked their radical solutions
- Hitler and Mussolini weren’t threatened by moral condemnation or collective security
- The league didn’t have it’s own army to fight the aggressive dictatorships and countries didn’t want to provide their troops as they were affected as well
- Economic sanctions wouldn’t work either as no one was willing to stop trading with others as it would create more unemployment and hurt their own people
Why did Japan want Manchuria
Much of their exports were based on luxury goods like silk to countries like America, so when the depression hit, no one wanted to buy these luxury products. Manchuria was rich in natural resources like coal and iron ore
Why was Manchuria an ideal place to invade
- Geographically close to Japan
- Japan already had the South Manchurian railway and troops stationed there
- There was confusion of who owned the area - China, Russia and Japan all claimed it in the past, and now it was owned by a weakening warlord
- Japan was scared China might kick out Japanese industry
- It would distract the Japanese people from their domestic issues
- The Japanese army was getting stronger and the people started to support them
How did the Mukden incident lead to an invasion of Manchuria
- 18 September 1931, there was an explosion on the South Manchurian railway and the Japanese army claimed that it was attacked by the Chinese
- The Chinese denied this
- The Kwantung army stationed in Japan invaded and took control of Manchuria
- The Japanese people were delighted, but the government wasn’t happy but went along with it
- In 1932, Japan renamed it Manchukuo and put a puppet ruler in charge
Why was the league reluctant to react to Manchuria
- Many thought that Japan had entitlement to the area
- China and Japan was far away from Britain and France, so thought it was too far away to be a real concern
- The Japanese claimed that China had attacked them first
- China’s politics were disorganised and some thought that it was a good thing Japan was trying to introduce order
After moral condemnation and ordering Japan to withdraw was ineffective - why weren’t other measures taken
- Members of the league couldn’t afford to send troops so far away to fight someone else’s battles
- Japan’s main trading partner was the USA and so economic sanctions would be ineffective
- The USSR was the closest to Japan, but weren’t in the league so couldn’t be called upon for help
What did the league do in reaction to Manchuria
- Put together a commission of inquiry led by British politician Lord Lytton
- He was sent over to the area to investigate
- His report took over a year to come back and in Oct 1932, it concluded Japan was in the wrong and even if there was an attack, Japan overreacted and shouldn’t have invaded
How did Japan react to the Lytton report
Japan ignored them, leaving the league and invading Jehol another region. These areas were used as a base to launch a full scale invasion of China in 1937, and by 1938, most major cities were Japanese
Why was the Stresa Front significant
Between Italy, Britain and France, it united them against Hitler, and prevented also fascist Mussolini from allying with him
Why did Mussolini want Abyssinia
- Wanted to expand his empire and Abyssinia was one of the only independent countries in Africa
- He didn’t think Britain and France could stop him as they had colonies in this region as well
- Italy owned small colonies bordering it (Eritrea and Somaliland), so he could attack from there
- Abyssinia could be good for the economy as it has natural resources and flood land for grazing animals
- In 1896, Italy had failed to invade and Mussolini wanted revenge
- He felt confident the league wouldn’t react like in Manchuria and Corfu
- Felt confident that Britain and France wouldn’t stop him, as it would break up the Stresa Front
Why did the league fail to stop the invasion of Abyssinia
- Failure to close Suez Canal - Owned by Britain and France and they failed to close this as they didn’t want to upset Mussolini. It would’ve prevented him getting munitions from Italy to Abyssinia quickly
- Trade sanctions against Italy - Members were forbidden from importing Italian goods and from selling weapons to Italy, but it took 2 months to decide what else to ban so oil, steel, iron and coal weren’t banned.
- Trade sanctions against Abyssinia - Arms were banned to Abyssinia and Italy leaving them with nothing to defend themselves with
- Hoare-Laval Pact - In December 1935, they met in secret to give Abyssinia a third of the land and Italy ⅔ with the industry. This was done outside the league and proved that Britain and France were willing to undermine the league for their own self-interest
How did Italy respond to the league’s actions at Abyssinia and what impact did this have on the leave
In May 1936, they left the league leaving Britain France and the USSR to run the league, however it proved that they were more interested with their own welfare than protecting the covenant of the league. Small countries knew they wouldn’t be protected against permanent members
When was the USSR allowed to join the league
1934
Why were coal, iron, steel and oil not included in trade bans
British were worried it would cause unemployment of miners and Italy could buy oil from America
Reasons why the league failed
- Structure - No army, met only once a year, power of Veto, order was complex (makes decisions slow). Powerful countries weren’t scared of the punishments
- Membership - America refused to join, and USSR and Germany weren’t allowed in (trade sanctions were ineffective)
- Depression - countries were concerned with their own problems and people tuned to extremists
- League were slow to act to Manchuria and Abyssinia
Hitler’s main foreign policy goals when coming to power to make Germany a world power again
- Overturn the treaty of Versailles
- Rearm Germany to become strong again - creating jobs in factories
- Take lebensraum in the east - enough land to live and farm
- Unite Volksdeutsche - Create a greater Germany uniting all German blood
- Anschluss
- Destroy communism before it ‘destroyed Germany’
How would lebensraum lead to war
He would have to invade Eastern European countries and so would be considered an act of war and other countries may try to join int
How would rearmament lead to war
Hitler wanted to introduce conscription and build the Luftwaffe to help reduce unemployment and make Germany strong again, but this broke international law (Treaty of Versailles) and other countries would become suspicious why Germany needed a large army
How would Volksdeutsche lead to war
He would have to reclaim all land lost in the treaty of Versailles and gain control of land where there were Germans living. Hitler would be breaking international law and it was unlikely they would give up without a fight
How would destroying communism lead to war for Hitler
USSR had a massive army and had begun to develop better relations with Britain and France. THey were also allies with eastern european countries. Hitler was provoking a strong enemy
When did Chamberlain come to power
1937
Why didn’t Britain react to Hitler’s foreign policy
- Many British politicians were satisfied that Hitler didn’t want war after he signed the 10-year non -aggression pact with Poland in 1934
- Fear of a repeat of the war
- Appeasement was used to give Hitler a little of what he wanted in return for not having a full blown war
- Some thought that the treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany
- Germany acted as a good buffer between the Communist expansion
- The Stresa Front was signed in 1935 to unite against allying with Hitler
Why didn’t France react to Hitler’s foreign policy
- Daladier faced rebellions from the people due to the depression
- The government found it hard to focus on Hitler when they had their own problems
- France couldn’t have acted without the help of Britain
Why didn’t the USSR react to Hitler’s foreign policy
- Stalin was cautious of Hitler, but also cautious about Britain and France
- However in 1935, he signed a treaty with France saying they would work together
- He felt working with capitalist states was worth it to prevent Hitler invading east
Why didn’t the USA react to Hitler’s foreign policy
- America followed a policy of isolationism in the 1920’s and this continued through the 30’s
- In the 1936 election, Roosevelt promised to keep America out of any war in Europe
- There was little they could do, apart from start preparing their own armed forces
When and why did Hitler leave the League of Nations Disarmament Conference
- Hitler said he would diarm if everyone else agreed also
- He demanded an equal size army of France
- They refused to cooperate
- He stormed out claiming the French were unreasonable
- Germany left the league as a whole