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GCSE > 7 GROWTH + REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

7 GROWTH + REPRODUCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Products of mitosis

A

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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2
Q

How many cell divisions in mitosis

A

1

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3
Q

How many cell divisions in meiosis

A

2

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4
Q

Products of meiosis

A

Produces 4 genetically non-identical haploid daughter cells (gamates)

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5
Q

Reasons for mitosis

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell

A

23

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7
Q

How many chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

46

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8
Q

How does random fertilisation cause genetic variation

A
  • Each ejaculate contains millions of sperm cells which are each genetically different due to meiosis
  • Each female egg cell will be gentically different due to meiosis
  • Which sperm fertilises the egg is random
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9
Q

How does fertilisation cause an embryo

A

a male and female gamete fuse to produce a zygote that undergoes mitosis to develop into an embryo

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10
Q

Use of ovary

A

Egg cells are formed and produces progesterone and oestrogen

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11
Q

Use of oviduct

A

Egg travels to uterus - site of fertilisation

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12
Q

What in the oviduct move the egg through to the uterus

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Use of uterus

A

Embryo implants and the foetus develops

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14
Q

Use of cervix

A

Dilates during labour to allow the baby to be born

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15
Q

Use of vagina

A

Penis insertion for sexual intercourse and for the baby to be born

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16
Q

Use of testes

A

Sperm cells formed by meiosis and produces testosterone

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17
Q

Use of sperm duct

A

Sperm transport

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18
Q

Use of seminal vesicles

A

Release liquids into sperm duct which mixes with sperm to form semen

19
Q

Use of penis

A

Transport urine and semen out of the body

20
Q

Use of urethra

A

Removal of urine or semen

21
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A
  • Prevent against mechanical shocks
  • Prevent drying out
  • Prevent temperature fluctuation (due to wter’s high specific heat capacity)
22
Q

Use of the placenta

A
  • Allow nutrients like glucose amino acids and oxygen to move from mother to embryo
  • Allow metabolic wastes like caron dioxide and urea to pass from embryo to mother
  • All happens by diffusion
23
Q

Why doesn’t the blood of the mother and foetus mix

A
  • Mothers blood is at a much higher blood pressure
  • Mothers blood has white blood cells that would attack the foetus
24
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics of men

A
  • Voice breaks
  • Production of sperm
  • Facial, armpit, body and pubic hair growth
  • Greater muscle development
  • Growth and development of genitalia
  • Mood swings
  • Acne
25
Q

Sexual secondary characteristics of women

A
  • Voice deepens
  • Menstrual cycle begins
  • Pelvis broadens
  • Armpit and pubic hair growth
  • Muscle development
  • Fat deposits on breasts, hips and thighs
  • Growth and development of genitalia
  • Mood swings
  • Acne
26
Q

Effect of FSH

A
  • Follicle develops and ovum matures
  • Follicle releases oestrogen
27
Q

Effect of oestrogen

A
  • Inhibits FSH production
  • Stimulates LH productin
  • Thickens uteral lining
28
Q

Effect of LH

A
  • Ovulation
  • Inhibits oestorgen
29
Q

Effect of LH

A
  • Ovulation
  • Inhibits oestrogen production
30
Q

Effect of progesterone

A
  • FSH and LH inhibited
  • Thickness of uteral lining maintained
31
Q

How do plants asexually reproduce by tubers

A

One plant can prouduce many tubers which can each grow many shoots to make new plants

32
Q

How do plants asexually reproduce by tubers

A

One plant can prouduce many tubers which can each grow many shoots to make new plants

33
Q

How can plants be artifically made to asexually reproduce by cuttings

A

A piece of a plant’s stem is taken from a healthy plant, and placed into soil to grow into a new plant

34
Q

Male gamete in a plant

A

Pollen

35
Q

Female gamete in a plant

A

Ova

36
Q

Features of a wind-pollinated plant

A
  • Exposed outside petals
  • Feathery petals
  • Small, green petals
  • No nectaries
37
Q

Features of a wind pollinated flower

A
  • Stamen exposed outside petals
  • Feathery stigma exposed outside petals
  • Small, green petals
  • No nectaries
38
Q

Features of an insect pollinated flower

A
  • Stamen enclosed within flower
  • Sticky stigma enclosed within flower
  • Large and brightly coloured petals
  • Nectaries to attract insects
39
Q

How does a pollen grain casue fertilisation

A
  • Pollen grain lands of stigma
  • Enymes secreted that digest tissues of style
  • Pollen tube made
  • Pollen grain enters ovule through micropyle
  • Fuses with ovum
  • Divides to form an embryo
40
Q

How is fruit formed after fertilisation

A
  • Zygote develops into embryonic plant with radicle and plumule
  • Ovule becomes cotyledons for food storage
  • Ovule wall becomes seed coat - testa
  • Ovary wall becomes fruit
41
Q

Conditions required for germination

A
  • Oxygen for respiration
  • Warmth for optimum temperature of enzymes
  • Water to activate enzymes
42
Q

How long do germinating seeds use carbohydrate stores for respiration

A

Until they can photosynthesise

43
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics of men

A
  • Voice breaks
  • Production of sperm
  • Facial, armpit, body and pubic hair growth
  • Greater muscle development
  • Growth and development of genitalia
  • Mood swings
  • Acne

GCSE (71 decks)

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